UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ ROCKS #Rocks #geomorphology ◇ The materials of the crust or lithosphere are generally called as rocks. The word lithosphere, in fact means rock sphere as the literal meaning of lithos is rock. ◇ The smallest component of the crust or the lithosphere is element. ◇ More than one element of the earth's crust are organized to form compounds which are known as minerals and minerals are organized to form rocks. ◇ The important mineral groups are silicates, carbonates, sulphides, metal oxides etc ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ ROCKS #Rocks #geomorphology ◇ The materials of the crust or lithosphere are generally called as rocks. The word lithosphere, in fact means rock sphere as the literal meaning of lithos is rock. ◇ The smallest component of the crust or the lithosphere is element. ◇ More than one element of the earth's crust are organized to form compounds which are known as minerals and minerals are organized to form rocks. ◇ The important mineral groups are silicates, carbonates, sulphides, metal oxides etc ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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◇ Recumbent folds are formed when the compressive forces are so strong that both the limbs of the fold become parallel as well as horizontal. ◇ Overturned folds are those folds in which one limb of the fold is thrust upon another fold due to intense compressive forces. ◇ Plunge folds are formed when the axis of the fold instead of being parallel to the horizontal plane becomes tilted and forms plunge angle which is the angle between the axis and the horizontal plane. ◇ Open folds are those in which the angle between the two limbs of the fold is more than 90⁰ but less than 180° (i.e. obtuse angle between the two limbs of a fold. ◇ Closed folds are those folds in which the angle between the two limbs of a fold is acute angle. Such folds are formed because of intense compressive force. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ FAULTS #Geomorphology #Earthsmovement ◇ When the crustal rocks are displaced, due to tensional movement caused by the endogenetic forces, along a plane the resultant structure is called Fault. ◇ The plane along which the rock blocks are displaced is called fault plane. □ Important terms related to faults ◇ Fault plane is that plane along which the rock blocks are displaced by tensional and compressional forces acting vertically and horizontally to form a fault. ◇ A fault plane may be vertical, inclined, horizontal, curved or of any other form. ◇ Fault dip is the angle between the fault plane and horizontal plane. ◇ Upthrown side represents the upper most block of a fault. ◇ Downthrown side represents the lowermost block of a fault. ◇ Hanging wall is the upper wall of a fault.

■ FAULTS #Geomorphology #Earthsmovement ◇ When the crustal rocks are displaced, due to tensional movement caused by the endogenetic forces, along a plane the resultant structure is called Fault. ◇ The plane along which the rock blocks are displaced is called fault plane. □ Important terms related to faults ◇ Fault plane is that plane along which the rock blocks are displaced by tensional and compressional forces acting vertically and horizontally to form a fault. ◇ A fault plane may be vertical, inclined, horizontal, curved or of any other form. ◇ Fault dip is the angle between the fault plane and horizontal plane. ◇ Upthrown side represents the upper most block of a fault. ◇ Downthrown side represents the lowermost block of a fault. ◇ Hanging wall is the upper wall of a fault.

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◇ Recumbent folds are formed when the compressive forces are so strong that both the limbs of the fold become parallel as well as horizontal. ◇ Overturned folds are those folds in which one limb of the fold is thrust upon another fold due to intense compressive forces. ◇ Plunge folds are formed when the axis of the fold instead of being parallel to the horizontal plane becomes tilted and forms plunge angle which is the angle between the axis and the horizontal plane. ◇ Open folds are those in which the angle between the two limbs of the fold is more than 90⁰ but less than 180° (i.e. obtuse angle between the two limbs of a fold. ◇ Closed folds are those folds in which the angle between the two limbs of a fold is acute angle. Such folds are formed because of intense compressive force. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes