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ውድ የ2018 የነሐሴ ወር የNGAT ተፈታኞች፣ ፈተናው ነሐሴ 20/2018 ዓ/ም እንደሚሰጥ መገለፁ ይታወቃል፡፡ ስለሆነም ለፈተናው ዝግጅት እንድታደርጉበት በማሰብ ከ50 በላይ QUANTITATIVE REASONING, VERBAL REASONING, ANALYTICAL & LOGICAL REASONING የተካተቱበትን ጥያቄ ሰርተን ከታች በተቀመጠው የYoutube ቻናላችን ስለለቀቀን እየገባችሁ ተለማመዱ፡፡  https://youtu.be/HsXWZbFlqS4?si=C7t1oP-j6XdHGjyR

ውድ የ2018 የነሐሴ ወር የNGAT ተፈታኞች፣ ፈተናው ነሐሴ 20/2018 ዓ/ም እንደሚሰጥ መገለፁ ይታወቃል፡፡ ስለሆነም ለፈተናው ዝግጅት እንድታደርጉበት በማሰብ ከ50 በላይ QUANTITATIVE REASONING, VERBAL REASONING, ANALYTICAL & LOGICAL REASONING የተካተቱበትን ጥያቄ ሰርተን ከታች በተቀመጠው የYoutube ቻናላችን ስለለቀቀን እየገባችሁ ተለማመዱ፡፡ https://youtu.be/HsXWZbFlqS4?si=C7t1oP-j6XdHGjyR

Must-Learn Skills for Every Structural Engineer 1. Structural Analysis – Analyze loads, reactions, shear, bending moments, and deflections. 2. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Design – Design beams, slabs, columns, footings, and retaining walls. 3. Steel Structure Design – Design steel beams, columns, trusses, and industrial buildings. 4. Prestressed Concrete Design – Understand pre-tensioning and post-tensioning systems. 5. Foundation Engineering – Design isolated, combined, raft, and pile foundations. 6. Seismic Design – Design structures to resist earthquake forces. 7. Wind Load Analysis – Calculate and design for wind effects on structures. 8. Load Calculation – Dead, live, wind, seismic, impact, and special loads. 9. Structural Detailing – Prepare accurate reinforcement and steel detailing drawings. 10. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) – Analyze complex structures using simulation software.

👉Properties of Concrete 1️⃣ What is Concrete? Concrete is a composite material made of: - Cement (binder) - Aggregates (fine and coarse) - Water - Admixtures (optional) 2️⃣ Important Properties of Concrete: - Workability: Ease of mixing, placing, and finishing. - Strength: Ability to resist loads — mainly compressive strength. - Durability: Ability to withstand weathering, chemical attack, abrasion. - Shrinkage: Volume reduction during drying. - Creep: Long-term deformation under sustained load. 3️⃣ Grades of Concrete (IS 456:2000 Standard Example): - M20 → 20 MPa strength (commonly used for residential buildings) - M30, M40, M50 → Higher strength for infrastructure, bridges, high-rise. 4️⃣ Factors Affecting Concrete Strength: - Water-cement ratio (lower ratio = higher strength) - Quality of materials - Curing methods - Mixing procedures 5️⃣ Curing of Concrete: - Maintains moisture for proper strength gain. - Methods: Water curing, steam curing, curing compounds.

Roads in mountainous or hilly terrain are designed with wide, curved loops (often called switchbacks, hairpin loops, or loop viaducts) rather than straight paths for several critical engineering and safety reasons: ​1. Grade Reduction (Managing Incline) The Problem: The vertical elevation difference between the upper road section and the lower road section is very steep. The Solution: By curving the road outward in a loop rather than connecting the two points directly (as indicated by the arrow), engineers increase the total length of the road (L). Since gradient (slope) is given by: Gradient (%)= change Height \Length *100 Increasing the distance dramatically lowers the slope percentage, keeping it within maximum design standards (typically below 6%–8% for highway safety) so vehicles can ascend without stalling and descend without overheating their brakes. 2. Terrain Stability & Geotechnical Feasibility ​Avoiding Slope Instability: Building directly along the steep hillside indicated by the arrow would require massive, deep excavation into fragile rock and soil, greatly increasing the risk of landslides, rockfalls, and slope failure. ​Using Elevated Viaducts: Extending the loop away from the steep slope on piers lets the structure bridge over unstable ground and small valleys while anchored into stable foundation points. ​3. Vehicle Safety & Control ​Preventing Runaway Hazards: A straight path down a steep incline would create a "runaway ramp" effect, where descending vehicles continuously gain dangerous momentum. ​Speed Management: Gentle, banked curves naturally force drivers to maintain lower, controlled speeds while navigating steep changes in terrain.

👉Properties of Concrete 1️⃣ What is Concrete? Concrete is a composite material made of: - Cement (binder) - Aggregates (fine and coarse) - Water - Admixtures (optional) 2️⃣ Important Properties of Concrete: - Workability: Ease of mixing, placing, and finishing. - Strength: Ability to resist loads — mainly compressive strength. - Durability: Ability to withstand weathering, chemical attack, abrasion. - Shrinkage: Volume reduction during drying. - Creep: Long-term deformation under sustained load. 3️⃣ Grades of Concrete (IS 456:2000 Standard Example): - M20 → 20 MPa strength (commonly used for residential buildings) - M30, M40, M50 → Higher strength for infrastructure, bridges, high-rise. 4️⃣ Factors Affecting Concrete Strength: - Water-cement ratio (lower ratio = higher strength) - Quality of materials - Curing methods - Mixing procedures 5️⃣ Curing of Concrete: - Maintains moisture for proper strength gain. - Methods: Water curing, steam curing, curing compounds.

👉Delay, Disruption, and Acceleration Concepts The Society of Construction Law (SCL) Delay and Disruption Protocol, 2nd Edition (2017), provides guidance on delay, disruption, and acceleration concepts. *Definition of Disruption* Disruption refers to the disturbance, hindrance, or interruption to a Contractor's normal working methods, resulting in lower productivity or efficiency in the execution of particular work activities. *Effects of Disruption* Disruption can lead to: • Activity delay • The need for acceleration to avoid activity delay • A combination of both, resulting in loss and expense Disruption is concerned with an analysis of the productivity of work activities, irrespective of whether those activities are on the critical path to completion of the works. *Disruption Claims* A disruption claim ought to be supported by some form of disruption analysis. Delay and disruption are inherently interrelated, and a disruption analysis may support a critical delay claim in addition to a delay analysis. *Relationship Between Delay and Disruption* Delay and disruption are closely associated concepts. A loss of productivity (i.e., disruption) can lead to delay, and if the impacted activities are on the critical path, that can be critical delay. Conversely, delay can lead to disruption. *Acceleration and Mitigation* Acceleration refers to the situation where additional costs are incurred to seek to overcome all or part of delay or disruption. Mitigation means to make less severe or lessen delay, disruption, and/or the resultant costs and/or loss. *Claims for Delay, Disruption, and Acceleration* For all delay, disruption, and acceleration claims, the claim document must explain the legal basis for entitlement, whether that is under the contract or at law. The claim document must also explain the cause of the delay, disruption, and/or acceleration and the remedies claimed.