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■ Advocate General of the State : • The Advocate General is the highest law officer in the state. • He is responsible to assist the state government in all its legal matters. • He defends and protects the interest of the state government. • The constitution has not fixed the remuneration of the Advocate General. • The Advocate General receives such remuneration as the governor may determine. □ Qualifications : • The Governor appoints the Advocate General of the state. • The person who is appointed should be qualified to be appointed a judge of a high court. • She/he should be a citizen of India. • She/he should have held a judicial office for ten years or been an advocate of a high court for ten years. □ Duties & Functions : • To appear on behalf of the Government of state in SC or HC when a case concerning the government is decided. • To give advice to the government of the state upon such legal matters, which are referred or assigned to him by the governor. • To perform such other duties of a legal character that are referred or assigned to him by the governor. • To discharge the functions conferred on him by or under the Constitution or any other law. □ Rights & limitations : • The Advocate General has the right of audience in any court in the State. • The Advocate General has the right to speak or to take part in the proceedings of both the Houses of the legislature or any committee of the state legislature of which he is named as a member, but without a right to vote. • The Advocate General enjoys all the privileges and immunities that are available to a member of the state legislature. • Should not advise or hold a brief against the Government of state. • Should not advise or hold a brief in cases in which he is called upon to advise or appear for the Government of state. • Should not defend accused persons in criminal prosecutions without the permission of the Government of state. • Should not accept appointment as a director in any company or corporation without the permission of the Government of state. • However, it is not a full time post and he can engage in private legal practice. • She/he can also be reappointed or is eligible for any other government appointment after ceasing to hold office. □ Removal : • There is no procedure or ground mentioned in the constitution for his removal. • The constitution does not provide for fixed tenure to the Advocate General. • So, she/he holds office during the pleasure of the governor of the state concerned. It means that the Advocate General can be removed by the governor at any time. • The Advocate General may also quit her/his office by submitting resignation to the Governor. • Conventionally, the Advocate General resigns when the government (State Council of Ministers) resigns or is replaced, as she/he is appointed on its advice [ The Advocate General usually resigns during the change of Government]. □ Articles regarding the Advocate General of the State : • Article 165 - Advocate General of the State. • Article 177 - Rights of Advocate General as respects the House of State Legislature and its Committee. • Article 194 - Powers, privileges and immunities of Advocate General.

■ Attorney General of India : • The Attorney General (AG) of India is the highest law officer in the country. • AG is the chief legal advisor to the government of India, he advises the union government on all legal matters. • He is also the primary lawyer representing Union Government in the Supreme Court of India. • There is no fixed term for the Attorney General of India. The Constitution mentions no specified tenure of Attorney General. • Similarly, the Constitution also does not mention the procedure and ground of his removal. • Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitor General of India assist the AG in fulfillment of the official responsibilities. [Article 76 doesn't mention about the Solicitor & Additional Solicitor General of India]. • M.C. Setalvad is the 1st Attorney General of India. • Currently, K.K. Venugopal is the Attorney General of India. He is the 15th Attorney General of India. • The remuneration of the AG is not fixed by the Constitution. The AG receives such remuneration as the President may determine. • The states have their own highest law officers. They are known as Advocate General of the States (Article 165). □ Duties and Functions: • To give advice to the Government of India (GoI) upon such legal matters, which are referred to her/him by the President. • To perform such other duties of a legal character that are assigned to her/him by the President. • To appear on behalf of the GoI in all cases in the Supreme Court or in any case in any High Court in which the GoI is concerned. • To represent the GoI in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 (Power of the President to consult the Supreme Court) of the Constitution. □ Qualification : • The AG is appointed by the President on the advice of the government (Union Council of Ministers). • She/he must be a citizen of India. • She/he must be a person who is qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. • She/he must have been a judge of any high court for 5 years or an advocate of some high court for 10 years or an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President. □ Rights and Limitations : • The AG has the right of audience in all courts in the territory of India. • The AG has the right to speak and to take part in the proceedings of both the Houses of Parliament or their joint sitting and any committee of the Parliament of which s/he may be named a member, but without a right to vote. • The AG enjoys all the privileges and immunities that are available to a member of Parliament. • The AG is not debarred from private legal practice. • The AG does not fall in the category of government servants.  • The AG should not advise or hold a brief against the GoI. □ Removal of the AG : • Procedures and grounds for the removal of AG are not mentioned in the Constitution. • The AG holds office during the pleasure of the President. It means that the AG may be removed by the President at any time. • Conventionally, he resigns when the Government (Union Council of Ministers) resigns or is replaced, as he is appointed on its advice. □ Articles regarding the Attorney General of India : • Article 76 - Attorney General of India. • Article 88 - Rights of Attorney General as respects the Houses of Parliament and its Committee. • Article 105 - Powers, privileges and immunities of Attorney General.

■ FAMOUS SLOGANS & SAYS : ● Mahatma Gandhi : • Do or Die. ● Aurobindo Ghose : • Political freedom is the life breath of a nation. ● Bal Gangadhar Tilak : • Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it. ● Netaji Subash Chandra bose : • Jai Hind. • Give me blood I will give you freedom. • One individual may die for an idea, but that idea will, after his death, incarnate itself in a thousand lives. • Delhi Chalo. ● Bankim chandra chatterjee : • Vande mataram. ● Madan Mohan Malaviya : • Satyameva Jayate (Truth alone triumphs). ● Jawarhalal Nehru : • Who lives if India dies. • Aaram haram hai. ● Swami Dayananda Saraswati : • Go Back to Vedas. ● Lal Bahadur Shashtri : • Jai Jawan Jai Kisan. ● Lala Lajpat Rai : • I declare that the blows struck at me will be the last nails in the coffin of the British rule in India. ● Ramalinga Adigal (Vallalar) : • Jeeva Karunyam (Be kind to every living beings) ● Bhagat Singh : • Bombs and pistols do not make a revolution. The sword of revolution is sharpened on the whetting-stone of ideas. ● The famous slogan "Inquilab Zindabad" was given by Hasrat Mohani. The slogan was also used by Bhagat Singh, who shouted it after bombing the Central Assembly in Delhi.

📰 In NEWS : ● Algal bloom : Sea turns Green. • A green algae called noctulica scintillans occurs during September and October - the windows period between southwest and northeast monsoons. • This rapid increase of algae population happens due to a combination of factors such as rise in sea temperature and low wind condition. • Because of the low wind, the algae which thrives on nutrition, settles inside the bay region, because of the static water caused due to low wind and without scope for dispersion. • This causing death of fish species such as eel which thrive in coral reefs and never migrate. Other fish species had migrated away from the algae. ● Geological heritages. • The Kutch region in Gujarat has dinosaur fossils. • The Thiruchirapalli region of Tamil Nadu, originally a Mesozoic Ocean, is a store house of Cretacrous (60 million years ago) marine fossils. • The high concentration of iridium at Anjar in Kutch district, provides evidence for a massive meteoritic impact that caused the extinction of dinosaurs about 65 million years ago. • A National geologic monument exhibiting a unique rock called Nepheline Syenite is found in Ajmer district of Rajasthan. • The Lonar impact crater in Buldhana district of Maharashtra is an important Geo heritage site of International significance. ● The Global Climate Risk Index 2021 ranked India the seventh most affected country by weather extremes. ● India is targeting 450 Gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. ● Shoonya programme by NITI aayog aims to accelerate adoption of electric vehicles.

📰 In NEWS (10th October) : ● Global Pact on Minimum corporate tax of 15%. • It aims to prevent large firm from booking profits in low-tax countries like Ireland regardless of where their clients are, an issue that has become ever more pressing with the rise of “Big Tech” giants that can easily do business across borders. • Out of the 140 countries involved, 136 supported the deal, with Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Sri Lanka abstaining for now. • The Paris-based Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which has been leading the talks. • [ Finance Ministers from the Group of Seven (G7) rich nations reached a landmark accord on June 5th backing the creation of a global minimum corporate tax rate of at least 15%, an agreement that could then form the basis of a worldwide deal]. ● TRAFFIC India - A wildlife trade monitoring network of the IUCN and WWF. ● Sand dunes form in the deserts, but these are found not only on the Earth but in other planets and comets, too. • Scientists have found a way to predict the way winds blow on planets by observing shapes of dunes formed on these surfaces, for example, on Mars or Venus. • They found that when dunes collide, patterns called "Megaripples", which are observed on Mars. • Large sand ripples known as megaripples. Megaripples develop taller crests and migrate more slowly because their coarser grains are more difficult for wind to move. ● China's Change 5 mission brought samples of Lunar. • Remnants of solidified lava brought back by a Chinese lunar mission were 1 billion years younger than material acquired by other missions decades ago. • It suggests that the moon cooled down later than thought. • Samples brought back by U.S. and Soviet missions were more than 2.9 billion years old. The samples acquired on China’s Chang'e-5 mission late last year were around 1.96 billion years old suggesting volcanic activity persisted longer than believed. • The uncrewed Chinese probe touched down on a previously unvisited part of a massive lava plain, the Oceanus Procellarum or “Oceans of Storms,” bringing back lunar samples. • One of the main objectives of Chang'e-5, named after the mythical Chinese goddess of the moon, was to find out how long the moon remained volcanically active. • “The Oceanus Procellarum region of the Moon is characterised by high concentrations of potassium, thorium, and uranium,elements that generate heat through long-lived radioactive decay and may have sustained prolonged magmatic activity on the nearside of the Moon. • The heat source for the magmatic activity might also be the so-called “tidal heating,” or heat generated by the gravitational tug and pull of the Earth. • The Chang'e-5 mission made China the third country to have retrieved lunar samples, after the United States and the Soviet Union, which launched the last successful mission to acquire material from the moon.