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#Adam_Smith *** Adam Smith:- ከዚህ ቀጥሎ የተጠቀሱትን ስራዎች የሰራው ከዛሬ 260 ዓመት በፊት መሆኑ ነው የኢኮኖሚክስ አባት ወይም የነጻ ገበያ አስተሳሰብ አባት ያስባለው!! 1. ገበያን ስውሩ እጅ ወይም "Invisible hand" በፍላጎት እና አቅርቦት አማካኝነት እንደሚቆጣጠረው በማረጋገጡ 2. የነጻ ገበያ ስርዓትን ለዓለም በማስተዋወቁ (Laissez-faire philosophies) 3. ሰዎች እራስ ወዳድ ቢሆኑም ነገርግን አርስ በእርሳቸው የሚረዳዱ ፍጡሮች መሆናቸውን በማረጋገጡ (The Theory of Moral Sentiments) 4. ዓለም ኢኮኖሚን እቃ ወደ ውጪ በመላክ እና ከውጪ በማስገባት ከመለካት ተላቆ በጠቅላላ ሀገራዊ ምርት መሰረት የሚለካበትን GDP በመፍጠሩ (The Wealth of Nations)👩🏽‍🎓👩🏽‍🎓👩🏽‍🎓👩🏽‍🎓👩🏽‍🎓👩🏽‍🎓 👇👇👇👇👇@RWASocialSc @RWASocialSc @RWASocialSc 👆👆👆👆👆 ♨️@Qesem_academy_social

#Fiscal_and_Monetary_Policy!! **** የየትኛውንም የዓለም ሀገራት የኢኮኖሚ ፖሊሲ መነሻ ብንመለከት በፍጹም ከ Fiscal እና Monetary Policy ውጪ መሆን አይችልም፤ ልዩነቱ ከሁለቱ አንዱን መጠቀም ወይም ሁለቱንም በመለዋወጥ የመጠቀም ጉዳይ ነው! ነገር ግን ሁለቱንም በአንድ ላይ በመጠቀም ውስጥ አልፎ አልፎ ችግሮች ሲያጋጥሙ ይታያል! በኢኮኖሚክስ 20ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ለሁለት ቢከፈል የመጀመሪያው ግማሽ የእንግሊዛዊው John Maynard Keynes አስተሳሰብ የሆነው የFiscal Policy ሲሆን ሁለተኛው ግማሽ ደግሞ የአሜሪካዊው Milton Friedman አስተሳሰብ የሆነው የMonetary Policy ዘመን ነው! ላለፉት 90 ዓመታት እነዚህን ኢኮኖሚያዊ ፖሊሲዎች በአግባቡ በመጠቀም እና ባለመጠቀም በኢኮኖሚ የበለጸጉም ያላደጉም ሀገራት ተፈጥረዋል! ሁለቱም ወሳኝ የኢኮኖሚ አጠቃላይ የስርዓት መቆጣጠሪያ ሲሆኑ በዓለም ላይ ያሉ ሀገራቶች የተለያየ የፖሊሲ አካሄድ እና መርህ አላቸው፤ ኢኮኖሚክስ እንቅልፍ የሚነሳ ዘርፍ የሚሆነው አንዱን ፖሊሲ ለማስተካከል በሚሞከርበት ወቅት ለሌላኛው ፖሊሲ ትልቅ ችግር ሊፈጥር ስለሚችል ነው፤ ስለዚህ ፖሊሲው የሚፈጥረው የጎንዮሽ ችግር ዝቅተኛ እንዲሆን ማድረጉ ላይ ነው ቁልፉ የኢኮኖሚስቶች የቤት ስራ፡፡ #ለምሳሌ ብንመለከት በአሜሪካ የሪፐብሊካን ፓርቲ (መንግስት በነጋዴዎች ላይ የሚጥለውን ታክስ በመቀነስ እና ነጋዴውን በማበረታታት ኢኮኖሚውን ማሳደግ ይቻላል ብለው ሲያምኑ) እና በተቃራኒው የዲሞክራቲክ ፓርቲ (የመንግስትን ወጪ (Government Expenditure) በመጨመር እና የዜጎችን የመግዛት አቅም በማሳደግ የግል ሴክተሩን በማበረታታት ኢኮኖሚውን ማሳደግ ይቻላል ብለው ያምናሉ) ይሄ የFiscal policy በሀገራዊ ምርጫ ወቅት ዋነኛ የኢኮኖሚ ልዩነቶች እና የመከራከሪያ ነጥቦቻቸው ናቸው፤ በኢትዮጲያ የፊሲካል እና የሞንተሪ ፖሊሲ የማውጣት ስልጣን የማን እንደሆነ እና ተግባራቱን እንመልከት….. 1. Fiscal policy፤- በፋይናንስ ሚኒስቴር (ከገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር ጋር በመተባበር) በኩል የሚከናወን ተግባር ሲሆን የመንግስት ወጪን እና የታክስ መጠንን ይወስናል፤ ይቆጣጠራል፤ 2. Monetary policy፤- በብሄራዊ ባንክ በኩል የሚከናወን ተግባር ሲሆን የገንዘብ አቅርቦት እና የወለድ መጠንን ይወስናል፤ ይቆጣጠራል፤ #ለምሳሌ በኢትዮጲያ የፋይናንስ ሚኒስቴር ታክስ ቢቀንስ የገንዘብ አቅርቦት መጨመሩ አይቀርም (ምክንያቱም በታክስ ሰበብ የሚሰበሰበው ገንዘብ ስለሚቀንስ በገበያው በርካታ ገንዘብ በሰዎች እጅ መቀመጡ አይቀርም) ይሄ ሁኔታ የዋጋ ንረትን ማባባሱ አይቀርም፤ ስለዚህ የኢትዮጲያ ብሄራዊ ባንክ የፋይናንስ ሚኒስቴር ውሳኔ እና እርምጃን ተከትሎ ገበያውን ከዋጋ ንረት ለመከላከል በገበያው የተሰራጨውን የገንዘብ መጠን ለመቀነስ በባንክ የማስቀመጥ ወለድን ከፍ ያደርጋል (እሳቤው ሰዎች ወለድ ለማግኘት በመፈለግ ገንዘባቸውን በባንክ ያስቀምጣሉ ማለት ነው) ስለዚህ ተናቦ መስራት ግድ ነው! #ለጤናማ ኢኮኖሚያዊ እንቅስቃሴ ሲባል ሁለቱም ተቋማት ሁለቱንም ፖሊሲዎች በመናበብ እና በእውቀት መምራት ይጠበቅባቸዋል፤ 👇👇👇👇👇@RWASocialSc @RWASocialSc @RWASocialSc 👆👆👆👆👆 ♨️@Qesem_academy_social

ሰላም ሰላም ውድ የቀሰም Academy ተማሪዎች 🙌🙌 ዛሬ ምን ይዘንላችሁ እንደመጣን ማመን ነው ሚከብዳቹ🤓🤓 Exam app ከ2005-2008 ያሉትን exam questions የያዘ ምንም ክፍያ የማይጠይቅ ነው ተጠቀሙበት። ለጓደኞቻችሁም share አድርጉላቸው።😱👌 📚📚📚📚📚 @RWASocialSc @Qesem_academy_social 📚📚📚📚📚

📚ሰላም ውዴቼ እንደምን አላችሁ ዛሬ በተደደጋጋሚ ስለ ቀሰም Exam room ለምትጠይቁኝ ጥያቄዎች መልስ ሰጣለሁ! 1⃣ቀሰም Exam room ላይ ምን ያህል subscribers አላቹ ? እስከ አሁን በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ተፈታኞች ከኛጋር ተመዝግበው በንቃት እየተወዳደሩ ይገኛሉ! 2⃣ ቀሰም Examroom ላይ ከተመዘገብኩ በኋላ በፊት የነበሩትን ፈተናዎች ማግኘት አችላለሁ? አዎን በሚገባ ፤ ከዚ በፊት የተሰጡትን ጥያቄዎች ከነ መልሶቻቸው ማግኘት ይቻላል! 3⃣ቀሰም Exam room ላይ ለመመዝገብ ምን ያህል ከፍላለው?ከተመዘገብኩ በኋላስ ሌላ ተጨማሪ ክፍያ ይኖራል? ቀሰም Exam room ላይ ለመመዝገብ 10 ብር ብቻ መክፈል በቂ ነው።የአንድ ቀን የስልክ ወጪን ትቶ ዘላለም ከናንተ ጋር ለሚቆየው የማትሪክ ውጤታችሁ መስካት አስተዋፆ ማድረግ ማለት ነው።አንዴ በመመዝገብ እስከ ፈተናው ዋዜማ ድረስ ያለገደብ መወዳደር ትችላላችሁ! 4⃣ቀሰም Exam room ምን የተለየ ነገር አለው ? ✅ ጥያቄዎችን ከነ መልሶቻቸው ማቅረባችን ✅ በትጋት ባዛጋጀነው መረሃ ግብር ➖ የጥያቄ አሰራር እንዲሁም የሰዓት አጠቃቀምን በእጅጉ የመትለማመዱበት ምቹ ሁኔታ መፍጠራችን ✅ልዩ ልዩ የንባብ መልመጃዎ ከነ ማብራራያቸው ማቅረባችን 😎😎 5⃣ ቻLu ወደ ቀሰም Exam room እንዴት መመመዝገብ ችላለሁ? እባክህ አሰረዳኝ ? ለተሻለ ልህቀት ብለን Voice operating and registration ሲስተም vEthio_telecom_n31 engine አስገጥመናል። ፈተና ለመውሰድ የቀሩት ጥቂት ጊዜያቶች በመሆናቸው ኑ ትምህርቶች ሳይደራረብባችሁ በሙሉ መነቃቃት ውስጥ ሆነን።UEEን ድል እንንሳው። መመዝገብ ለምትፈልጉ 👇👇👇👇 @QesemRobot ተጠቀሙ!

Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand tell us the relationship a product's quantity demanded and income. #Types of income elasticity ~ A negative income elasticity of demand (Ey<0) is associated with inferior goods ; an increase in income will lead to a fall in the demand and may lead to changes to more luxurious substitutes. ~ A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal goods; an increase in income will lead to a rise in income. ~ If income elasticity of demand of a commodity is less than 1(0<Ey<1), it is a necessary good. ~ If the elasticity of demand is greater than 1(Ey>1), it's a luxury good or superior good. ~ A zero income elasticity of demand (Ey=0) occur when an increase in income is not associated with a change in the demand of a good. These would be sticky goods. Note: * If EI >1, the good is normal income elastic(a luxury) * If I >EI >0, the good is normal but inelastic (a necessary) * If EI <0, the good is inferior.

Gibe oromo state # At first in the 19thc 5 states emerged around the gibe $gera $guma $goma $limu enarya $jimma *The earliest of these - limu enarya *Limu enarya -reached it's height during the rule of Abba bagibo or ibsa *Their economy was trade * In the middle of the 19thc #Limu_enarya was replaced by another strong state known as #jimma * Jimma reached the height during abba jifar # was taken by menelik and made part of CHK **Wellega_states *In middle 19thc two states emerged in the wellega region. These were :- leqa neqemt and :- leqa quellem *LEQA NEQEMT -the founder=b.godana -reached higest during rule of moreda and his son kumsa -kumsa made deal with menelik and changed to Christian and was named G/egeziabher *LEQA QUELLEM -Founder - tullu -reached highest at the time of tullu or jote tullu.

🔴THE Sheikdom Asosa, Beniahangul,and Komosha ⚪the sheikdom include small muslim states called Asosa or Aqoldi, Benishangul, Khomosha ⚪they were formed on the Ethio-Sudanes border ⚪the basic factor for the rise of Muslim states were the Influence of Islam and trade. 🔑🔑 this region was very rich in gold this and other resource attract Sudanese (the mahadist) and the Egyptian to develop a special interest in the region. How ever, their attempt to control the religion failed as the result of the incorporation of the whole region in to menelik's empire. √The Shewan Kingdom ⭐the shewan kingdom was founded in 1695 by the local aristocrat named #NEGASI KIRSTOS. ⭐the central area was a locality named Menz ⭐after Negasi Kiristos, shawa was ruled by his successors :- *sibste(1703-1745) *asfa wossen(1775-1808) *wosen seged(1808-1813) ⭐Shewa reached the height of its power during the region of #Sahle Silassie(1813-1847) ⭐shewan kings before Sahle Silassie used the political title #Meridazmach and #Abeto ⭐Sahle Silassie was the first shewan king who took the political title #Negus ⭐the economy of of the kingdom was based on agriculture but also trade contributed additional role to the wealth of the kingdom ⭐ the economic prosperity and political stability of the kingdom attracted a considerable European interest in shewa and many Europeans visited shewa tried to influence their government to establish relations with the shewan ruler. ⭐king sahle died in 1847 and was succeeded by his son #Haile Melekot(1847-1856), marked the end of the autonomous existence of shawa b/c emperor Tewodros campaigned to shawa in 1856 and made it one of his province. King Haile melekot died a little before Tewodres defeated the shawan force at the battle of BEREKET. at the end tewodros captured Menelik son of Haile melekot and brought him to his court but Menelik escaped from Meqdella royal prison and establish his power in shawa. His first capital was Ankober and shifted to Entoto until the founding of Adiss Ababa.

Harar emirate -in 15th and 16thc the sultanate of afar was the most powerful state in the east and Harar was the center if the sultanate of afar. - due to the oromo popn most the sultanate of adal was forced to shift it's center from Harar to awassa. (( This was good for Harar. why? B.c they get to be free) there 1517-17thc but even if they were free they still paid tribute to awasa. *How ever in the middle of 17thc Harar became free or independent during the reign of #emir_ali_dawud *Was powerful until menelik came and took over . *Economy - trade (Harar was political and eco relationship. With that Arabs .but had a closed door policy with Europeans(b.c they feared assassins)) *In 1875 - the emirate if Harar=invaded by the force of Egypt .by that time khedive Ismail pasha was the ruler of Egypt at that time. 1885- Harar became free from the rule if Egyptian **1887- the emirate if Harar was conqured by the force if menelik2 at the battle of #chelenqo . *The last emir of harar was emir abdulahi.

HISTORY UNIT ONE ⭕PEOPLES AND STATES OF SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA IN THE 19th CENTURY ✅The Omotic state *they are called omotic because they occupied the territory around the omo river basin *speak the following omotic language family:- √Kaffa √Walayita. √sheka √Dawuro. √Gamo √yem A. Kingdom of Kaffa ▶found South of Gojeb river ▶the land is kaffa and the people Keffecho ▶the two oldest dynasties were √ Matto √ Minjo ▶ The Matto dynasty ruled kaffa before 1390. ▶ The first king of the Minjo dynasty was Minjilo and after whom, the ruling dynasty came to be known as Minjo. ▶ Tato was the political or royal title of the kingdom ▶ b/n 1821-1897 five prominent kings successively ruled kaffa they were √Gahe Nichochi(1821-1841) √ Kawe Erochi(1841-1843) √Kaji Shorochi(1843-1868) √Gali Sarochi(1868-1890) √Gaki Sharochi(1890-1897) ⚪ Under the above successive Tatos, kaffa kingdom:- ➡expand to south, south west and north east of kaffa ➡the adminstration of the kingdom divided in to 12 and later 18 province ➡The province called Sawo ➡provinencial governor were Worabi ➡the Tato assisted by a state councilor called Mikerecho(they were eight with one non-permanent member). ➡Yero was the center of kafa's traditional religion. *The Economy of Kaffa √mainly in Agriculture √the peasants paid taxes from their products including the collected musk √tax collectors were called Tato-kisho (meaning the hand of the king) √kaffa also supplemented by trade most trade items were coffee, ivory, musk,slave, gold √Bonga was its political center. 🔶 Kaffa lost its independence in 1897 when its last king named Gaki Sharochi was defeated by Emperor menelik and finally incorporated in to the Ethiopian Empire in 1897. B. The Kingdom of Yem ♦occupied western bank of Gibe river ♦existed since 14th century ♦Halmam Gama was its first dynasty ♦in the 19th century the ruling dynasty was called Mowa which replaced Halmam gama ♦ano- a political title ♦waso- title of official who chaired asestors ♦asestor- below a king and served as council of officials ♦erasho (rasho) - the province who ruled by officials ♦gena- subprovince administrators ♦ their economy was based on Agriculture🚜 ♦peasants paid tributes directly to the kings 🔷 this kingdom was finally conquered by the force of Menelik in 1894. C. The Kingdom of Walayita ☑had a strong connection with Damot ☑it was founded by Motalami ☑Motalami founded the first walayita's dynasty called Walayita Malla at the beginning of 14th century. But in the 15th century walayita malla dynasty was ousted from power and replaced by a rival dynasty called "Tigre" or Tigrean dynasty. ☑ Kawo- was their political title ☑goqa- walayita's warrior class who had privilege right ☑their economy was based on Agriculture 🚜 ☑the last king to rule independent walayita was Kawo Tona finally walayita conquered by Menelik ll in 1894 C. The Kingdom of Sheka 🌟found in the east of Baro and West of Gojeb river 🌟had 2 ruling dynasty they were:- √Batto √Bushasho 🌟the first Bushasho's dynasty kind was migrated from the neighboring Anfillo area to Sheka at the end of 16th century. 🌟christianity was introduced to sheka during Bushasho dynasty in the late 16th century 🌟sheka was conquered by Mecha Sub-Oromo family but regained its independence at the beggining of 19th century 🌟their political title called Tato and sheka had a close economic,political, historical relation with Enarya, Kaffa & Anfilo.