UPSC Aspirant 2025-26

#Prelims2022 Topic -21 Subject- Ancient history Important keywords during Chola Empire Terms Meaning/Function Vellala Agriculturists Udankuttam Higher offi cers Jivitas Land Upper Perundanam and Lower Sirudanam The offi cers, who tended to form a separate class in the society, were organized in two ranks. Variyam Committee Alunganattar Executive Committee Salabhoga Tenures meant for educational purpose Manigramam Great Nagaram Nanadesis Merchant guild having wide network Valanjiyar Merchant guild Anjuvanam Foreign merchant organization Taniyur A very large village, administrated as a Single unit Mandalam Province Valandu District Nadu/Kurram/Kottam Group of villages Tankurrams Autonomous administration for town and townships Puravuvaritinaikalam Department of land revenue Nattam The residential part of the village Kummanachcheri Artisans’ quarters Paracheri The outcastes hamlet Sudugadu The burning ground Kaikkolar Royal troops receiving regular pay from the treasury (comprised infantry, cavalry, elephant corps and navy.) Nattuppadai The militia men employed only for local defence Velaikkarars The most dependable troops in the royal service ready to defend the king and his cause with their lives. Kadagams Cantonments Ur General assembly of the village Shashak Gana or Ganam The members of the executive committee of Ur Mahasabha Gathering of the adult men in the Brahmana villages which were called agraharas. Variyar Reporters appointed by the sabha

#Prelims2022 Topic-20 Subject-Economy Five year Plans of India Part-3 Rolling Plan: After the termination of the fifth Five Year Plan, the Rolling Plan came into effect from 1978 to 1990. In 1980, Congress rejected the Rolling Plan and a new sixth Five Year Plan was introduced. Three plans were introduced under the Rolling plan: (1) For the budget of the present year (2) this plan was for a fixed number of years– 3,4 or 5 (3) Perspective plan for long terms– 10, 15 or 20 years. The plan has several advantages as the targets could be mended and projects, allocations, etc. were variable to the country’s economy. This means that if the targets can be amended each year, it would be difficult to achieve the targets and will result in destabilization in the Indian economy. Sixth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1980 to 1985, under the leadership of Indira Gandhi. The basic objective of this plan was economic liberalization by eradicating poverty and achieving technological self-reliance. It was based on investment Yojna, infrastructural changing, and trend to the growth model. Its growth target was 5.2% but it achieved a 5.7% growth. Seventh Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1985 to 1990, under the leadership ofRajiv Gandhi. The objectives of this plan include the establishment of a self-sufficient economy, opportunities for productive employment, and up-gradation of technology. The Plan aimed at accelerating food grain production, increasing employment opportunities & raising productivity with a focus on ‘food, work & productivity For the first time, the private sector got priority over the public sector. Its growth target was 5.0% but it achieved 6.01%. Annual Plans: Eighth Five Year Plan could not take place due to the volatile political situation at the centre. Two annual programmes were formed for the year 1990-91& 1991-92. Eighth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1992 to 1997, under the leadership Of V. Narasimha Rao. In this plan, the top priority was given to the development of human resources i.e. employment, education, and public health. During this plan, Narasimha Rao Govt. launched the New Economic Policy of India. Some of the main economic outcomes during the eighth plan period were rapid economic growth (highest annual growth rate so far – 6.8 %), high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and current account deficit. A high growth rate was achieved even though the share of the public sector in total investment had declined considerably to about 34 % This plan was successful and got an annual growth rate of 6.8% against the target of 5.6%.

#Prelims2022 Topic-19 Subject- Polity Important judicial Doctrines 1. Doctrine of Basic Structure The Basic Structure Doctrine basically contends that the basic structure of the Indian Constitution cannot be abrogated even by a constitutional amendment. It follows that the Parliament cannot enact a law that would alter the basic structure of the Constitution. This doctrine is not mentioned in the Constitution itself and has evolved over time and many Supreme Court judgements. 2. Doctrine of Pith and Substance The Doctrine of Pith and Substance holds that the union and the state legislatures should not encroach upon each other’s spheres. This doctrine helps in examining the true nature of a legislation and deciding which list it belongs to, central or state. 3. Doctrine of Severability The Doctrine of Severability or Separability is a doctrine that protects the fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution. It derives its validity from Article 13 and states that all laws that were enforced in India before the commencement of the Constitution, inconsistent with the provisions of fundamental rights shall to the extent of that inconsistency be void. 4. Doctrine of Eclipse This doctrine states that any law that violates fundamental rights is not null or void ab initio, but is only non-enforceable, i.e., it is not dead but inactive. 5. Doctrine of Territorial Nexus According to the Doctrine of Territorial Nexus, laws made by a state legislature are not applicable outside that state, except when there is a sufficient nexus between the state and the object. This doctrine derives its authority from Article 245 of the Indian Constitution. The doctrine states that in order for a state law to have an extraterritorial operation, there must be a nexus between the object and the State. Hence, to invoke the doctrine of territorial nexus, it must be clear that the object is located outside the State’s territorial limits, however, it ought to have a territorial connection with the State.

#Prelims2022 Topic-18 Subject ancient History Important Terms of Sangam era Terms Meaning/Function Sangam A college/assembly of literacy figures Devalayam Temple Ko, Mohnam, Iraivan, Korravan, Vendan- King Vari Tax Variyar Tax collector Korai Land tax Puhar Harbour area Maharum Supreme Court Irabu Offerings to the King Avai Imperial Court Yupas Sacrifi cial ports Panchvaram Ministerial Council Padai Army Enadi Senapati Duttar Messenger Orar Spies Amaichar Minister Kalbhu Marriage without permission of Parent and without any customary. Karpu Marriage with permission of parents Pinch Tinnal Love marriage Kardhsiyar The title for low caste women. Perur Big Village Sirur Small village Murdur Old village Salai Highway Aniars Hunters Bellalar Agriculturist (Rich & Poor) Pullain Rope Makers Malvar Thieves

#Prelims2022 Topic-17 Subject - Economy Five year plans of India part-2 Plan Holidays: Due to the failure of the previous plan, the government announced three annual plans called Plan Holidays from 1966 to 1969. The main reason behind the plan holidays was the Indo-Pakistani war and the Sino-India war, leading to the failure of the third Five Year Plan. During this plan, annual plans were made and equal priority was given to agriculture its allied sectors and the industry sector. In a bid to increase the exports in the country, the government declared devaluation of the rupee. Fourth Five Year Plan: Its duration was from 1969 to 1974, under the leadership of Indira Gandhi. There were two main objectives of this plan i.e. growth with stability and progressive achievement of self-reliance. During this time, 14 major Indian banks were nationalized and the Green Revolution was started. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Bangladesh Liberation War took place. Implementation of Family Planning Programmes was amongst major targets of the Plan his plan failed and could achieve a growth rate of 3.3% only against the target of 5.7%. Fifth Five Year Plan: Its duration was 1974 to 1978. This plan focussed on Garibi Hatao, employment, justice, agricultural production and defence. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, a Twenty-point program was launched in 1975, the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) and the Indian National Highway System was introduced. Overall this plan was successful which achieved a growth of 4.8% against the target of 4.4%. This plan was terminated in 1978 by the newly elected Moraji Desai government.

https://newsonair.com/2021/08/10/chhattisgarh-steps-forward-to-recognize-community-forest-resource-rights/# #Prelims2022

#Prelims2022 Topic-16 Subject - Economy Inflation Indices Wholesale Price Index WPI It is the most widely used inflation indicator in India. Published by the Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. All transactions at the first point of bulk sale in the domestic market are included. Major criticism for this index is that the general public does not buy products at wholesale price. The base year of All-India WPI has been revised from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in 2017. Consumer Price Index CPI It measures price changes from the perspective of a retail buyer. It measures changes over time in the level of retail prices of selected goods and services on which consumers of a defined group spend their incomes. Four types of CPI are as follows: CPI for Industrial Workers (IW). CPI for Agricultural Labourer (AL). CPI for Rural Labourer (RL). CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined). Of these, the first three are compiled by the Labour Bureau in the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Fourth is compiled by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

#Prelims2022 Topic-15 Military exercise Part-1 1 Australia Ex AUSTRA HIND, Ex AUSINDEX, EX PITCH BLACK 2 Bangladesh Ex SAMPRITI, TABLE TOP EX, SAMVEDNA 3 Brazil & South AfricaI IBSAMAR 4 China Ex HAND IN HAND 5 Egypt Ex CYCLONE 6 France Ex SHAKTI, Ex VARUNA, GARUDA 7 IndonesiaEx GARUDA SHAKTI, CORPAT 8 Israel Ex BLUE FLAG 9 Japan Ex DHARMA GUARDIAN, Ex JIMEX 10 Kazakhstan Ex KAZIND

#Prelims2022 Topic-14 Subject- Ancient History Important Terms of Gupta Period Mahabaladhikrita Commander in Chief Mahadandnayaka Chief Justice Mahapratihar Maintenance of Royal Palaces Mahasandhivigrahika or Sandhivigrahaka Minister of War and Peace Dandpashika Head of Police department Bhadagaradhikreta Head of Royal Treasury Vinaysthitisansthapaka Head of Education Department Sarvadhyaksha Inspector of all central departments Mahashwapati Commander of the Cavalary Mahamahipalapati Commander of the Elephants (Control & Executor of elephantry) Vinayapura One who represented guests to King’s court Yuktapurusha Offi cer to keep accounts of war booty Khadyapakika Inspector of Royal Kitchen Ranbhandagarika Offi cer in charge of Arms and ammunitions stores Mahanarpati Commander of the Infantry Samanta A neighbouring subsidiary ruler who was a friendly tributary of the Gupta overlords Bhukti or Desa Provinces (Provincial Councils headed by Kumaraamatyas) Pradesha/Adhisthana/Pattana Districts (Each province (bhukti or desa) was divided into districts) Kutumbis and Mahattaras Village level offi cers Nagarashreshthin Chairman of the city corporations in the towns Sarthavaha Represented trading communities Prathamakulika Represented the crafting communities (artisans) Prathamakayastha Represented Government offi cial community

#Prelims2022 Topic-13 Subject - Economy Five year Plans of India part-1 First Five Year Plan: It was launched for the duration of 1951 to 1956,under the leadership ofJawaharlal Nehru. It was based on the Harrod-Domar model with a few modifications. Its main focus was on the agricultural development of the country. This plan was successful and achieveda growth rate of 3.6% (more than its target of 2.1%). At the end of this plan, five IITs were set up in the country Second Five Year plan It was made for the duration of 1956 to 1961,under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. It was based on the P.C. Mahalanobis Model made in the year 1953. Its main focus was on the industrial development of the country. This plan lags behind its target growth rate of 4.5% and achieved a growth rate of 4.27%. However, this plan was criticized by many experts and as a result, India faced a payment crisis in the year 1957. Third Five Year Plan: It was made for the duration of 1961 to 1966, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. This plan is also called ‘Gadgil Yojna’, after the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission D.R. Gadgil. The main target of this plan was to make the economy independent. The stress was laid on agriculture and the improvement in the production of wheat. During the execution of this plan, India was engaged in two wars: (1) the Sino-India war of 1962 and (2) the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. These wars exposed the weakness in our economy and shifted the focus to the defence industry, the Indian Army, and the stabilization of the price (India witnessed inflation). The plan was a flop due to wars and drought. The target growth was 5.6% while the achieved growth was 2.4%.