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القناة الطبية-الدينية لطلاب الدفعة 39... ستجدون هنا معظم الملفات المتلعلقة بالمقررات الدراسية و نصائح دينيةو دنيوية..
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d as decongestants of nasal and ocular mucosa, such as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma and vasopressors and cardiac stimulants in the treatment of acute hypotension and shock; they are also used for maintaining normal blood pressure during operations using spinal anesthesia
🔸Drugs in this group include cyclopentamine, DOBUTamine, DOPamine, norepinephrine.
🔸Side effects of sympathomimetic drugs may be :
-nervousness.
-sever headache.
-anxiety
-vertigo.
-nausea & vomiting.
-dilated pupils
-glycosuria & dysuria.
🔷🔹Sympatholytic:
🔸 Def:
blocking transmission of impulses from the adrenergic (sympathetic) postganglionic fibers to effector organs or tissues.
So antiadrenergic
🔸Functions:
inhibiting such sympathetic functions as smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion.
Thanx
💢ANS💢
🔴There are 2 ways to control the body functions :
a,Nervous system
b,endocrine system
🔵The Nervous system is divided to :
a,peripheral nervous system
b,central nervous system
🔺The central nervous system ➡️brain and spinal cord
🔺The peripheral nervous system is divided to
a,somatic nervous system
b,autonomic nervous system which is divided to sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous system
🔵There are many differences between the ANS and Somatic NS
🔹ANS:
1/ control the smooth and cardiac muscle
2/control involuntary functions
3/ two neurons connected the CNS to the organ.
🔹Somatic Nervous System:
1/control the voluntary function
2/control the skeletal muscles
3/one neuron connected the CNS to the organ.
⭕️The are 3 types of neurons in CNS :
1⃣ adrenergic neurons :
_it release norepinephrine
_the receptor of it is called
adrenoreceptor
2⃣ cholinergic neurons :
_it release acetylcholine
_the receptor of it is called
cholinoreceptor
3⃣Non cholinergic non adrenergic neurons :
_It found in G.I.T
_It release Nitric Oxide,
substance b, vasoactive
intestinal peptide
⭕️⭕️ Important Note ⭕️⭕️
🔺All the preganglionic autonomic nervous system ➡️ cholinergic
🔺the postganglionic autonomic nervous system is cholinergic and adrenergic
*most of the postganglionic ANS of the parasympathetic ➡️ cholinergic
* most of the postganglionic ANS of the sympathetic ➡️ adrenergic
" there are some exception like sweet glands it is cholinergic "
⭕️⭕️🚫 Sympathetic Nervous System :-
🔅fight and flight
🔅It stimulated by " exercise _ excitement _ emergency _ embarrassemenrt "
🔵 a1, a2 , b1 , b2 the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system
🔵 The sympathetic nervous system is originate from the thoracic and upper 3 lumber vertebra so it called thoracolumber out flow
🔴The action of sympathetic nervous system:
1/⬆️ heart rate
2/⬆️cardiac out put
3/redistribution of the blood to skeletal muscles
4/dilation of air way
5/⬇️G.I.T motility
6/⬆️blood glucose Conesentration
7/lipolysis
8/pupillary dialation
⭕️⭕️🚫 Parasympathetic nervous system :
🔅Rest and digest
🔅It stimulated by " salivation _ lachrymation _ urination _ digestion _ defecation "
the parasympathetic nervous system conserve the energy to be utilized in the emergency
🔵 muscarinic receptors ➡️ the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system
🔵 the parasympathetic nervous system is originate from
1⃣Cranial nerves
a. Oculomotor nerve "3th"
b. Facial nerve " 7th"
c. Glossopharyngial nerve
"9th"
d. Vagus nerve "10th"
2⃣ sacral nerve
S2 S3 S4 "sciatic nerves "
so it called craniosacral out flow
🔴 The action of parasympathetic nervous system:
1/ ⬇️ heart rate
2/ ⬇️ cardiac out put
3/ ⬆️motility of G.I.T
4/ ⬆️ salivation
5/ erection to the penis
6/ contraction to the bronchioles
⭕️⭕️⭕ANS receptors:
1⃣ Acetylcholine receptors :-
a, Nicotin receptors :
_ stimulated by small amount of nicotine
_ found in following side
1/ sympathetic ganglion
2/ parasympathetic ganglion
3/ brain
4/ Adrenal medulla
5/ neuromuscular junction
b,Muscarinic receptors
Stimulated by small amount of Muscarine
It found in the brain and other organ
2⃣Noradrenaline receptors
1/ Alpha receptors :-
🔅 Site for the receptors :
a, Alpha 1 :
Blood vessels , sphincters
b, Alpha 2 :
Pancreas , presynaptic members
2/ Beta receptors :-
🔅 sites of beta receptors:
a, beta 1 :
Heart , adipose tissue , renin secreting cells
b, beta 2 :
Bronchu , uterus , pancreas
c,beta 3:
Adipose tissue
🔷🔹sympathomimetics:
🔸def :
pharmacological agent that mimics the effects of stimulation of organs and structures by the sympathetic nervous system.
🔸Functions :
by occupying adrenergic receptor sites and acting as an agonist or by increasing the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine at postganglionic nerve endings
sympathomimetic agents are
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