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upsc notes 7 topics.pdf1.15 KB

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UPSC_Prelims_2026_50_MCQs_6Sept.docx
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Master Core Topics List (September 6, 2026) GS Paper 1: History, Geography & Culture Cartographic Projections & Global Representation: UN General Assembly resolution ("Correct the Map") on shifting away from Mercator projection distortion toward equal-area projections (e.g., Equal Earth projection) to accurately reflect continental landmasses (e.g., Africa vs. Greenland). Indian Freedom Struggle & Heritage Infrastructure: Institutional integration and preservation of historical sites in the North-East, specifically the INA Museum and War Memorial at Moirang, Manipur. GS Paper 2: Governance, Polity & Social Justice Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) in Governance: Privacy challenges (Article 21), criminal investigation procedures, accuracy concerns, algorithmic bias, and lack of statutory backing. Inter-State Governance & Federalism: Role of Zonal Councils (under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956) and institutional executive outreach to North-Eastern states. Educational Reforms & Social Inclusion: NEP 2020 objectives, inclusive schooling frameworks for Divyangjan/marginalized communities, and state-level higher education fee-waiver policies (Article 46). GS Paper 3: Economy, Environment, Security & Tech Monetary Policy & Banking Liquidity: RBI’s deployment of liquidity management tools—Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR), Standing Deposit Facility (SDF), and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)—to regulate excess banking system liquidity. National Accounts & Macroeconomic Measurement: Mechanics and impact of periodic GDP base-year rebasing (shifting benchmark years) by MoSPI to capture structural economic changes. Biodiversity Governance & Benefit Sharing: Implementation of the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) framework under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and financial decentralization to Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs). Clean Energy & Decarbonization: National Coal/Lignite Gasification promotion framework targeting 100 MT gasification by 2030 to mitigate energy import dependencies. Environmental Regulation & Public Health: Enforcement of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, and CAQM urban road-dust mitigation standardizations.
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Context & Issue Overview India’s thermal power sector faces an inventory-management dilemma: power generators that maintain required coal stock levels risk being penalised when domestic supplies are redirected to default plants facing critical shortages. While emergency interventions maintain grid stability, repeated redistribution creates a moral hazard and disincentivises long-term fuel planning. Key Highlights & Facts Grid & Generation Dependency: Thermal power (coal/lignite-based capacity ~230.8 GW) supplied ~69.5% of electricity from April–June 2026, rising to ~75% during non-solar peak hours. Macro vs. Micro Supply Gap: Coal scarcity in India is an logistics and allocation issue, not an aggregate production shortage. National production crossed 1 billion tonnes in both FY24-25 and FY25-26. Inventory Breakdown: ~34.55 MT stock at power plant heads + ~113 MT at pitheads/in-transit (~148 MT total). Policy Frameworks: CEA Guidelines (Dec 2021): Established plant-specific, revised coal-stocking norms. SHAKTI Policy Revision (May 2025): Streamlined linkage allocation into two windows: Window I (notified prices for central/state utilities) and Window II (auctions at premium for other producers/imported-coal plants). Legal Precedent: In Haryana Power Purchase Centre v. GMR Kamalanga Energy Ltd. (Sept 2025), the Supreme Court ruled that additional costs from using costlier coal must be shared equitably among procurers rather than giving preferential access based on PPA dates. Core Structural Challenges Supply Chain Logistics: Mine-side availability does not automatically translate to plant availability; it depends on loading, railway rake availability, transit time, and stockyard handling. Moral Hazard: Sound fuel management becomes a commercial disadvantage when compliant plants lose priority allocations to bail out non-compliant ones. Way Forward for Policy Reform Differentiated Policy Approach: Distinguish between genuine supply disruptions (e.g., railway bottlenecks, extreme weather) and procedural mismanagement. System Reliability Pricing: Recognize maintaining coal inventory as a grid reliability service—incentivising compliant generators while penalising non-compliance. Strict Accountability: Instead of continuous policy overhauls, focus on stronger implementation of existing CEA norms and enforced corrective mechanisms.
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China Advances Brahmaputra Mega Dam Construction Despite recent natural disasters and growing international safety concerns, China is proceeding with its massive hydropower initiative on the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo (Brahmaputra) River in Tibet, near the Indian border. Key Project Details Scale & Cost: Dubbed the "project of the century," the project involves an investment of 1.2 trillion Yuan (~₹14 lakh crore) for five power stations. Capacity: Projections estimate a 60 GW capacity generating 300 billion kWh annually—more than triple the output of the Three Gorges Dam. Design: Designed as a run-of-the-river system with a reservoir, the project plans to divert water through a 40-km tunnel across the river's "great bend" to drive five 12-GW powerhouses. Strategic Priority: The project is included in China's 15th Five-Year Plan for renewable energy, with state leadership assigning execution to the newly established China Yajiang Group. Major Concerns & Regional Reactions Environmental & Safety Hazards: The dam site sits in a seismically active region. A recent glacial collapse and flash floods along the Nepal-China border have amplified fears regarding structural risks and ecological impact. Downstream Risks for India: India is concerned about reduced downstream water flow, ecological disruption, and potential water storage management by China. Data Sharing & Communication: While bilateral talks occur under the Expert-Level Mechanism on Trans-border Rivers, hydrological data sharing from Beijing has historically been irregular. China's Position: Beijing maintains that the project enforces strict safety and environmental standards, insisting it will support basin-wide disaster prevention without harming downstream countries. Draw the location on map and write the concern in brief over it along with the characteristics in handwritten form
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Here is a summary of the news article: UN Endorses Move Away from the Mercator Map Projection On September 4, 2026, the United Nations passed a resolution encouraging the adoption of equal-area map projections (such as the Equal Earth projection) to accurately represent the relative sizes of continents, moving away from the widely used 16th-century Mercator projection. Key Highlights • The Vote: • In favor: 164 member states endorsed the resolution. • Opposed: The United States was the sole dissenting vote, calling the resolution a "politically motivated" and "radical ideological project," specifically criticizing references to reparations and "cognitive justice." • Abstain: 6 countries (Estonia, Georgia, Lithuania, Moldova, Serbia, and Ukraine). • Notable shifts: France supported the resolution and announced plans to abandon the Mercator projection for its official world maps. • Background on the Mercator Projection: • Created in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator for maritime navigation, the projection preserves compass directions but heavily distorts land sizes—enlarging areas near the poles while minimizing equatorial regions. • Under Mercator, Greenland appears roughly the size of Africa, even though Africa is actually about 14 times larger. • Goal of the Resolution: • Led by Togo and supported by the African Union, the campaign aims to address the "symbolic minimization" of Africa and cognitive distortion caused by traditional maps. • The resolution does not ban the Mercator map or enforce a single replacement; rather, it urges governments, schools, media, and tech companies to use equal-area projections when relative size matters, while acknowledging Mercator's historical value for navigation.
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Medieval India Mock Test 1 - UPSC Prelims.docx
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Global capital is becoming more expensive: How should India preserve macroeconomic resilience? 15 Marks | 250 Words
Global capital is becoming more expensive: How should India preserve macroeconomic resilience? 15 Marks | 250 Words
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India's GDP debate is not only about the growth rate; it is also about trust in economic statistics. Discuss. 15 Marks | 250
India's GDP debate is not only about the growth rate; it is also about trust in economic statistics. Discuss. 15 Marks | 250 Words
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India's GDP debate is not only about the growth rate; it is also about trust in economic statistics. Discuss. 15 Marks | 250
India's GDP debate is not only about the growth rate; it is also about trust in economic statistics. Discuss. 15 Marks | 250 Words
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Why does India need more integrated energy governance for the transition to a low-carbon economy? 15 Marks | 250 Words
Why does India need more integrated energy governance for the transition to a low-carbon economy? 15 Marks | 250 Words
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Q. Despite Article 124(3) allowing distinguished jurists to become Supreme Court judges, the provision remains unused. Examin
Q. Despite Article 124(3) allowing distinguished jurists to become Supreme Court judges, the provision remains unused. Examine its rationale, limitations and potential for strengthening judicial diversity. (15 Marks) (15 Marks, 250 Words)
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