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*🛡️Major Wildlife Institutes* ♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre – Kolkata ♟️Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bengaluru ♟️Indian Institute of Forest Management – Bhopal ♟️Govind Ballabh Pant Institute – Almora (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Forest College – Dehradun (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Forest Survey Centre – Dehradun (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment – New Delhi ♟️Indian Forest Ranger College – Dehradun ♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun ♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre Kolkata ♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun ♟️Indian Botanical Garden – Kolkata ♟️Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) – Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) ♟️National Environmental Research Institute – Nagpur ♟️Rainforest Research Institute – Jorhat ♟️Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Institute - Coimbatore ♟️Forest Productivity Centre – Ranchi ♟️Central Avian Research Institute - Izzatnagar, Bareilly. 

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*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment* ♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971 ♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973 ♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987 ♟️Vienna Convention - 1988 ♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992 ♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992 ♟️Basel Convention - 1989 ♟️Rio Summit - 1992 ♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000 ♟️UN-REDD - 2008 ♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010 ♟️Minamata Convention - 2013 ♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994 ♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997 ♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

*🛡️Women & Gender Data Highlights* ♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000 ♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024 ♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65% ♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women ♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124) ♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%) ♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%) ♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82% ♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions ♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%) ♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic ♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method ♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women ♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.

*🏔️ Highest Peaks of Indian States* 👉 Trick: “Kanchen loves Kamal” Kanchen ➨ Kanchenjunga (Sikkim) Kamal ➨ Kamet (Uttarakhand) Nanda ➨ Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) Anai ➨ Anai Mudi (Kerala – South India’s highest) *🌍 Countries bordering India* 👉 Trick: “My Brother Never Bangs China” My ➨ Myanmar Brother ➨ Bhutan Never ➨ Nepal Bangs ➨ Bangladesh China ➨ China (Also Pakistan – easy to remember separately) *🛕 States where Sun Temple is located* 👉 Trick: “Kota Mod Sun” Ko ➨ Konark (Odisha) Ta ➨ Tamil Nadu (Kumbakonam, etc.) Mo ➨ Modhera (Gujarat) *🛣️ National Highways – Golden Quadrilateral Cities* 👉 Trick: “DKCM” = Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai D ➨ Delhi K ➨ Kolkata C ➨ Chennai M ➨ Mumbai *🏞️ Indian Rivers & Their Nicknames* 👉 Trick: “G-G-KM” Ganga ➨ Holy River Godavari ➨ Dakshin Ganga (Ganga of the South) Krishna ➨ Maharashtra’s lifeline Mahanadi ➨ Odisha’s lifeline *🏛️ First in Indian Constitution* 👉 Trick: “Raja made Ambedkar drink” Raja ➨ Rajendra Prasad (First President) Made ➨ Rajendra Prasad again (First Food Minister) Ambedkar ➨ First Law Minister Drink ➨ Sukumar Sen (First CEC – Election)

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Happy Republic Day 🇮🇳 गणतंत्र दिवस की शुभकामनाएँ 🇮🇳 Jai Hind! 🇮🇳| जय हिंद!🇮🇳 🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳

🛡️ *Major Environmental Institutes* ♟️National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) —Nagpur, Maharashtra ♟️Central Avian Research Institute —Izzatnagar, Barreilly ♟️Largest museum in India —Chennai, Tamil Nadu ♟️Largest fish aquarium in India —Mumbai, Maharashtra ♟️Largest Zoo in India —Alipur, Kolkata. best study channel-study for civil services ♟️Largest bird park in India —Bharatpur, Rajasthan ♟️Largest Zoo in the World —Kruger National Park

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index* *♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil *♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International *♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters *♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy *♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union (account for >90% of global GHG emissions) *♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th) *♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible. ♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd). -Moves from High to Medium Performer.

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index* *♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil *♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International *♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters *♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy *♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union (account for >90% of global GHG emissions) *♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th) *♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible. ♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd). -Moves from High to Medium Performer.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule* ♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution. *💎Advantages* ♟️Democratic devolution of powers ♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region ♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land ♟️Enhance transfer of funds *💎Issues* ♟️Limited geographical coverage ♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption ♟️Financial dependency over state authority ♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers ♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega. ♟️Lack of codification of customary laws ♟️Lack of skilled professionals. ♟️Creation of elected village councils ♟️Regular election by state election commission ♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws ♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Mahi River* ♟️The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq km. ♟️It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west. ♟️Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers of India. ♟️It originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. ♟️The total length of Mahi is 583 km. ♟️It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat. ♟️The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the total area ♟️Hydro Power stations are located in Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and at Kadana Dam. ♟️Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. There are not many industries in the basin. ♟️Some of the industries are cotton textile, paper, newsprint, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Most of these industries are located at Tatlam.

*🛡️Sangam Age:- Key Highlights* *💎Titles of Sangam Dynasties* *♟️Chola* – Senni, Valavan, Killi ♟️ *Pandya* – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar *♟️Cheras* – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar *💎Village Administration* *♟️Manram* – Village assemblies managing local affairs *♟️Urs* – Town *♟️Perur* – Large villages *♟️Sirur* – Small villages *💎Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)* *♟️Noura* – Kannur *♟️Tyndis* – Ponnani *♟️Muziris* – Kodungallur *♟️Nelcynda* – Kottayam *♟️Colchi* – Korkai *♟️Camara* – Kaveripattanam *♟️Poduka/Arikamedu* – Pondicherry *💎Major Trade & Industry* *♟️Madurai & Uraiyur* – Important textile centers *♟️Korkai* – Center for pearl trade *💎Land Classification by Fertility* *♟️Marudam* – Most fertile land *♟️Menpulam* – Fertile land *♟️Pinpulam* – Dry land *♟️Vanpulam* – Hard land *♟️Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam* – Salty land *💎Market System* *♟️Angadi* – The market *♟️Nalangadi* – Morning bazaar *♟️Allangadi* – Evening bazaar *💎Society & Culture* *♟️Occupational Castes* – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar *♟️Devarinda* – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra *♟️Karikala* – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music *♟️Utharamerur Inscription* – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas.

🌍 International Year of Cooperatives 2025* 🤝🇮🇳 A Year of Cooperative Empowerment & Expansion 🌟 *Key Highlights* 🌟 🏛️ *8.5+ lakh* cooperatives registered | *6.6 lakh* functional 👥 *32 crore* members across *30 sectors* | 👩 *10 crore* women linked via SHGs 💻 *79k + PACS* sanctioned for computerisation 🐄🐟🌾 *32,009* new multipurpose, dairy & fisheries cooperatives 🚢 *National Cooperative Exports Limited (NCEL):* *13.77 LMT* exports worth *₹5,556 crore* to *28 countries* 🌱 *National Cooperative Organic Limited (NCOL):* *10,035* cooperatives | *28* organic products 🌾 *Bharatiya Beej Sahakari Samiti Limited (BBSSL):* *31,605* member cooperatives 📈 *National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)*: 💸 *₹95,000* *crore* (FY 2025–26 so far) 🚕 *Sahakar Taxi:* *1.5 lakh +* drivers registered, *2 lakh* users (trial) ✨ Cooperatives strengthening prosperity & self-reliance-together!.

RO ARO 2023 मुख्य परीक्षा 2 और 3 फरवरी को लखनऊ में। अधिकारिक नोटिस

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