IBTIL TOEFL iBT💎

@aalaeeTOEFLiBT Reading Passage 2: Make sure you look up the new words! Biology: a popular topic! Homeostasis is the process of regulating the internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, typically in a living organism. There are two ways in which an organism can maintain a stable internal temperature: by regulating their internal temperature to best suit their needs, or conforming their internal temperature to the external temperature. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT A regulator is also known as an endotherm. A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to maintain the optimum temperature needed for its body to function. Mammals and birds are examples of regulators. They are often described as warm blooded because they maintain a constant body temperature. For example, if the climate around a regulator gets hotter, the animal can adjust its metabolism to lessen the need for heat production. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Advantages and Disadvantages of Regulators The advantage of being a regulator is that the organism can function in a wide variety of environments. However, thermal stability comes at a price, as the automatic regulation system requires the animal to take in additional energy. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT A conformer is also called an ectotherm. A conformer cannot regulate its own internal temperature so it must adapt its behavior, physically moving itself to environments with optimum temperatures. Reptiles, amphibians and insects are all conformers and are often referred to as cold blooded. For example, a lizard may lie on a rock in the sun to raise its body temperature, as it cannot regulate it internally. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT The disadvantage of being a conformer is that the organism may become sluggish at low temperatures. The advantage is that very little energy is required. Regulators use internal control mechanisms to maintain the best temperature for their body. Conformers move to places with a good temperatures for survival, because they cannot self regulate their internal temperature.

Reading Passage 1: Make sure you look up the new words! History and ancient civilizations are popular topics on the test: @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Irrigation has been an important base for agriculture in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq and part of Iran) for 6000 years. But Mesopotamia is very different from Egypt. Mesopotamia has low rainfall, and is supplied with surface water by only two major rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. Although they are much smaller than of the Nile, they have much more dramatic spring floods, from snowmelt in the highlands of Anatolia, and they carry more silt. Furthermore, the plains of Mesopotamia are very flat, and poorly drained, so that the region has always had persistent problems with poor soil, drought, catastrophic flooding, silting, and soil salinity. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Mesopotamian engineers had to worry about water storage and flood control as well as irrigation. Silt built up quickly in the canals, threatening to choke them. This could be overcome by constant dredging as long as organization and manpower were available. The other problem was more insidious, and could not be overcome by the engineering available at the time. It was difficult to drain water off the fields, and there was always a tendency for salt to build up in the soil. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Although the plain of Mesopotamia is very flat, the bed of the Euphrates is higher than that of the Tigris; in fact, Euphrates floods sometimes found their way across country into the Tigris. Engineers used this gradient as soon as irrigation schemes became large enough, using the Euphrates water as the supply, and the Tigris channel as a drain. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Mesopotamia has had times of successful irrigation, and times of silt and salinity crises: the latter around 2000 BC, 1100 BC, and after 1200 AD. The first crisis may have been caused by water politics. In any irrigation system, the farmers most downstream are those most likely to be short of water in a dry year, or to receive the most polluted water. In Sumeria, the city of Lagash was rather far downstream in the canal system based on the Euphrates. Apparently Entemanna of Lagash decided that he would instead cut a canal to tap Tigris water, but the addition of poor-quality water led to rapid salinization of the soil. @aalaeeTOEFLiBT

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 Reading Vocabulary Questions- @aalaeeTOEFLiBT acute: severe Augment: increase: boost commonplace: ordinary @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Compatible: well-matched conceivable: imaginable consistent dismiss: reject @aalaeeTOEFLiBT eminent: distinguished endure: survive excrete: release @aalaeeTOEFLiBT exploit"; take advantage of hazardous: dangerous notion: idea Optimal: optimum: best @aalaeeTOEFLiBT relatively: comparatively rudimentary: primitive significant: important Straightforward: frank: candid @aalaeeTOEFLiBT

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 - @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Listening Words+ Some Frequently Used Key Words on TOEFL iBT: It is highly recommended you review them because they are used repeatedly on TOEFL and TPO tests: @aalaeeTOEFLiBT environmental protection preserve pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminate preserve v. disastrous devastation vegetation @aalaeeTOEFLiBT deforestation landslide mudslide Landscape Acid rain greenhouse effect worsening deteriorate global warming Unleaded petrol living organism @aalaeeTOEFLiBT bacterium(pl. bacteria) algae coral rodent primate ape mammal bat (eco-location) Snowshoe hare Raccoon polar bear Snout Reptile Pollen n. pollinate @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Hibernate migrate v. communicate v. camouflage evolve endotherm n. beak kiln， melt copper ash skull Cranial Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Exhume prehistoric primitive art restoration thesis/essay/dissertation journal @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Social investigation survey questionnaire observation interview collect data broad narrow down critical thinking deadline extension due date/time outline n. (roadmap) bibliography plagiarism final draft @aalaeeTOEFLiBT global climate obsidian anthropologist ecological anthropologist archaeology anthropology morphology Ancient civilization origin originate ancestor hominid @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Homogeneous tribe clan portrait(portray) still(adj) sculpture statue critic criticism review(n.) masterpiece aesthetic value aesthetic appeal feature(v) characteristics distinct adj. unique brush canvas @aalaeeTOEFLiBT charcoal drawing engraving landscape painting lithograph fresco mural key species foundation otter urchin @aalaeeTOEFLiBT

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 speaking topic- @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Task 6: In the lecture, the professor introduces two benefits of loyal customers. The first one is to spread positive information about the company. For example, there's a guy whose car broke down, so he took it to a repair shop, he really enjoyed the service there and thought it was nice and attentive. So next time if his friend's car broke down, he would definitely recommend this repair shop to his friend. The other benefit is that loyal customers can be helpful to the other customers. For example, the professor encountered a guy who couldn't find books about history when she was in her favorite bookstore, so she led the guy to where all the history books were directly without troubling a shop assistant.

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 speaking topic- @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Task 5: The man's problem is that he wants to go on a trip with his French club during spring break, but he can't afford it. There are two possible solutions for him. The first solution is to pick up some extra shifts at work. And the second solution is to sell his guitar and use the money for the trip. If I were in his shoes, I'd go for the second solution because I don't see the importance of his guitar in his life, it's not like he's going to be a musician or something, it wouldn't hurt to sell it and use the money for the trip he really wants to take. I personally don't recommend the other solution because he has an upcoming exam and picking up extra shifts would take up the time he's supposed to spend on studying.

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 speaking topic- @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Task 4: In the lecture, the professor introduces the concept of generalizing which means children are able to realize that a word doesn't only mean a specific object but means other objects of the same category as they grow up. He offers us an example of his own son. When he was much younger, he learnt the word 'train', at first his understanding of this word was pretty limited, he thought it only referred to his toy train. But as he grew up, it came to his understanding that the word 'train' not only refers to his toy train but also other real trains in life. That's how the professor uses the example of his son to illustrate the concept of generalizing.

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 speaking topic- @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Task 3: The University is planning to open the university gym to people off-campus due to two reasons. The first reason is that the university can charge them a monthly fee and use the money to upgrade the gym facilities. And the second reason is that it won't affect students' life that much. In the conversation, the woman agrees with the plan. Her first reason is that it's necessary now for the university to upgrade the facilities because some of them are really old, this way the university doesn't have to charge the students or the faculty. As for the second reason, she mentions that it's a pretty small town anyway, so not a lot of people will use the gym and it won't make too big a difference for students.

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 speaking topic- @aalaeeTOEFLiBT Task 2: Do you agree or disagree that it is acceptable for students to disagree with their instructors?

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 speaking topic- Task 1: Talk about one of your special ways to study.

TOEFL iBT November 21, 2015 writing topic: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important things people learn are from families.

Word of the Day: CONCUR (kun-KUR) To agree, be in accord with, unite in opinion. Concur comes from the Latin con-, together, and currere, to run, flow, and means literally to run or flow together, go along with. That derivation has led to three slightly different meanings of the word. First, concur may be used to mean to act together, combine in having an effect, as “Time and chance concurred in our success.” Second, concur may be used to mean happen together, occur at the same time, coincide, as “His pay raise concurred with his promotion.” The third and most common meaning of concur is to agree, as “Your story concurs with theirs”; “We concurred on almost every point of negotiation.”

Word of the Day: VANGUARD (VAN-gahrd) The forefront of an action or movement, leading position or persons in a movement: “They were in the vanguard of the war on poverty.” In its strict military sense, vanguard means the troops moving at the head of an army, the part of the army that goes ahead of the main body, an advance guard.

A popular topic on TOEFL Test especially in the reading section: It is recommended you take a cursory glance at the information presented on the following page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt

Word of the Day: SPORADIC (spuh-RAD-ik or spor-AD-ik) Occasional, infrequent, irregular, not constant, happening from time to time, occurring in a scattered or random way. A business venture may have sporadic success. A gambler's luck may be sporadic. Sporadic crimes are crimes scattered throughout a city or neighborhood. Sporadic outbreaks of a disease in the population are occasional, isolated outbreaks. Antonyms of sporadic include constant, incessant (in-SES-int), and unremitting.

A Test taker's experience: امتحان من صبح بیست و یکم نوامبر در موسسه امیربهادر بود.ریدینگ متن های طولانی داشت و نیاز به تمرکز و تسلط بالا برای پاسخگویی در زمان مناسب داشت. لیسنینگ لانگ بود همونی که خانومه کارت شناسایی و غذاش رو گم کرده. بقیه لیسنینگ ها هم عینا لیسنینگ هایی بود که استاد سر کلاس برامون گذاشته بودن در مورد اون جزایر آتشفشانی بالای ژاپن و ....برای قسمت اسپیکینگ پرسیده بود استراتژی شما برای اینکه بتوانید تمرین یا پروژه کاریتون انجام بشه چیه و سوال سوم در مورد این بود که آدمهای بیرون دانشگاه با پرداخت پول در باشگاه دانشگاه ورزش کنن که هم با پولشون و بدون اینکه دانشجوها و کارمندان دانشگاه پول بدن لوازم ورزشی باشگاه جدید بشن چون در وضع خوبی نیستن و هم اینکه دانشگاهشون توی شهر کوچیکیه و تعداد زیادی آدم نمیان که شلوغ بشه و باشگاه به اندازه کافی جای خالی داره..سوال چهارم تعریف Generalization بود که مثال زده بود که بچه استاد وقتی سه سالش بوده بهش اولین قطارشو دادن بهش گفتن این اسمش قطاره ولی یه روز که سوار ماشین بودن و جلوی تقاطع ریل توقف کرده بودن تا قطار عبور کنه به بچه گفتن که این قطاره بچه گیج شده بود ولی بعدا که 4 سالش شده بود خودش کاملا متوجه بود که یک واژه میتونه به بیشتر از یه شئ خاص مربوط باشه.سوال پنجم هم تکراری بود پسره میخواست با همکلاسی های کلاس فرانسه اش بره ونکوور که اونجا بتونن فرانسه حرف بزنن ولی پول بلیط قطار نداشت یا باید یه هفته 10 ساعت اضافه کار میکرد که چون نزدیک امتحانات بودن سخت میشد یا باید یه چیزی میفروخت به یکی از بچه های دانشگاه که گفت مثلا گیتارمو میفروشم که میتونم اینجوری توی ونکوور پول داشته باشم خرج کنم ولی از طرفی دیگه گیتار نخواهم داشت.سوال ششم هم تکراری بود فواید مشتری رو گفت که از طرفی وقتی راضی باشن به بقیه هم میگن راضی بودن از کیفیت بالا مثلا اگه از مکانیکشون راضی باشن ماشین دوستشون خراب بشه بهش میگن برو پیش این مکانیک که خوبه و اون دوستشونم به دوستاش میگه و مشتری ها اینجوری زیاد میشن و از سوی دیگه مشتری وقتی راضی باشه میتونه کمک کنه به کار فروشنده مثلا استاد خودش رفته بوده کتابفروشی که همیشه میره و یه زوج دیده بوده که آقا داشته به خانم میگفته نمیدونم اینحا کتاب تاریخی میفروشن یا نه و استاد میشنوه اینو و میره جلو بهشون میگه بله کتاب تاریخی هم دارن. رایتینگ اول در مورد فواید روغن پالم بود که در لیسنینگ رد شده بود.ریدینگ گفته بود روغن پالم ازش یه نوع سوخت درست میکنن که کمتر باعث گرمایش زمین میشه تا سوخت فسیلیو برای ایجاد روغن پالم باید درخت پالم بکارن پس به جنگلسازی کمک میکنه و به کشاورزای کوچیک کمک میکنه به لحاظ اقتصادی. اما لیسنینگ میگفت برای کاشتن درخای پالم باید گیاهای موجود رو از بین ببرن و این جنگلسازی نیست بلکه عکس این هست با افزایش تقاضای پالم داره Deforestation بیشتر میشه و کشاورزای بزرگ برای شود بیشتر در حال بیشتر کاشتن هستند و کشاورزهای کوچیک دارن سود خیلی کمی میبرن و برای کاشتن درختان پالم باید اول زمین Clear بشه که با سوختی به نام peat میسوزونن که این خودش بیشتر از سوخت فسیلی دی اکسید کربن آزاد میکنه.و موشصوع رایتینگ آخر این بود آیا موافق هستید با این جمله کهمهمترین درسهای زندگی رو از اعضای خانواده میگیرید