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1️⃣ The best extraction method for heat-sensitive substances is: A) Decoction B) Infusation C) Maceration D) Soxhlet extraction ✅ Correct answer: C) Maceration 2️⃣ Maceration is performed at: A) Boiling temperature B) Room temperature C) Freezing temperature D) 50°C ✅ Correct answer: B) Room temperature 3️⃣ Which extraction method requires 2–4 days? A) Decoction B) Infusion C) Soxhlet D) Maceration ✅ Correct answer: D) Maceration 4️⃣ Which method is considered non-continuous hot extraction? A) Soxhlet B) Distillation C) Infusion D) Reflux condenser ✅ Correct answer: C) Infusion 5️⃣ Which method is used for extraction of hard plant materials like bark and roots? A) Maceration B) Infusion C) Decoction D) Distillation ✅ Correct answer: C) Decoction 6️⃣ Which solvent cannot be used in decoction? A) Water B) Ether C) Alcohol D) Methanol ✅ Correct answer: B) Ether (also chloroform cannot be used) 7️⃣ Continuous hot extraction method includes: A) Infusion B) Maceration C) Soxhlet apparatus D) Decoction ✅ Correct answer: C) Soxhlet apparatus 8️⃣ Soxhlet apparatus is useful because: A) Uses large solvent volume B) Works at room temperature C) Uses small solvent volume D) Cannot extract organic compounds ✅ Correct answer: C) Uses small solvent volume 9️⃣ Soxhlet apparatus is considered: A) Open system B) Semi-open system C) Closed system D) Manual system ✅ Correct answer: C) Closed system 🔟 Which extraction method is mainly used for volatile oils? A) Maceration B) Soxhlet C) Distillation D) Infusion ✅ Correct answer: C) Distillation 11️⃣ Clavenger apparatus is mainly used to extract: A) Glycosides B) Alkaloids C) Volatile oils D) Proteins ✅ Correct answer: C) Volatile oils 12️⃣ Which solvent is suitable for extraction of alkaloids in salt form? A) Chloroform B) Ether C) Water D) Benzene ✅ Correct answer: C) Water 13️⃣ Which solvent is suitable for extraction of non-polar compounds? A) Water B) Alcohol C) Chloroform D) Methanol ✅ Correct answer: C) Chloroform 14️⃣ One disadvantage of maceration: A) Fast extraction B) Requires expensive apparatus C) Extracts small quantities D) Needs high temperature ✅ Correct answer: C) Extracts small quantities 15️⃣ Ordinary reflux condenser is classified as: A) Cold extraction B) Non-continuous hot extraction C) Continuous hot extraction D) Distillation method ✅ Correct answer: C) Continuous hot extraction 16️⃣ Infusion method involves: A) Boiling plant with solvent B) Pouring hot solvent over plant material C) Soaking plant in cold solvent D) Distillation of plant material ✅ Correct answer: B) 17️⃣ Decoction requires: A) Cold solvent B) Direct heat C) No solvent D) Vacuum system ✅ Correct answer: B) 18️⃣ The extraction method that uses thimble is: A) Infusion B) Maceration C) Soxhlet D) Decoction ✅ Correct answer: C) 19️⃣ The extraction method suitable for toxic organic solvents is: A) Maceration B) Infusion C) Soxhlet apparatus D) Decoction ✅ Correct answer: C) 20️⃣ Extraction method using Clavenger apparatus belongs to: A) Cold extraction B) Distillation C) Maceration D) Reflux extraction ✅ Correct answer: B)

الأسئلة اللي يحبون يجيبونها حتى يختبرون الفهم مو الحفظ فقط. ركّز عليهم لأن احتمال كلش چبير يجي منهم بالكوز 📚✨ Q1 Pharmacognosy deals mainly with: A) Synthetic drugs B) Semi-synthetic drugs C) Crude drugs from natural origin D) Chemical reactions of drugs Answer: C trap: البعض يختار B لأنها قريبة لكن الصحيح natural origin Q2 Which of the following is NOT a method for classification of natural drugs? A) Alphabetical B) Morphological C) Pharmacological D) Industrial Answer: D Q3 Organized drugs include: A) Gums B) Extracts C) Leaves D) Oils Answer: C trap: gums و oils و extracts تعتبر unorganized Q4 Which of the following is an example of unorganized drug? A) Seeds B) Leaves C) Flowers D) Volatile oils Answer: D Q5 Which classification depends on therapeutic activity? A) Chemical classification B) Pharmacological classification C) Morphological classification D) Alphabetical classification Answer: B Q6 Which classification depends on active constituents? A) Morphological B) Alphabetical C) Chemical D) Taxonomical Answer: C Q7 In binomial nomenclature: A) Species starts with capital letter B) Genus starts with small letter C) Genus starts with capital letter D) Family starts with small letter Answer: C Q8 The abbreviation L. in botanical naming refers to: A) Latin language B) Leaf C) Linnaeus D) Local name Answer: C Q9 Which of the following belongs to Piperaceae family? A) Coffee B) Senna C) Black pepper D) Digitalis Answer: C Q10 Which plant contains caffeine alkaloid? A) Digitalis B) Coffee C) Belladonna D) Senna Answer: B Q11 Part used in Digitalis lanata: A) Seeds B) Leaves C) Roots D) Flowers Answer: B trap: البعض يخلط بينها وبين Coffee seeds Q12 Digitalis is mainly used as: A) Laxative B) Antispasmodic C) Cardiotonic D) Antibiotic Answer: C Q13 Belladonna belongs to family: A) Piperaceae B) Rubiaceae C) Solanaceae D) Leguminosae Answer: C Q14 Therapeutic use of Belladonna: A) Cardiotonic B) Antispasmodic C) Laxative D) Febrifuge Answer: B Q15 Senna contains: A) Alkaloids B) Glycosides C) Terpenes D) Steroids Answer: B Q16 Senna is used as: A) Antispasmodic B) Cardiotonic C) Laxative D) CNS stimulant Answer: C Q17 Coffee belongs to family: A) Rubiaceae B) Piperaceae C) Solanaceae D) Leguminosae Answer: A Q18 Which plant acts as central stimulant? A) Digitalis B) Coffee C) Senna D) Belladonna Answer: B أهم سؤالين غالباً يجون بالكوز ⚠️ احفظهم حرفياً: Classification of natural drugs: Alphabetical Taxonomical Morphological Pharmacological Chemical ................. Important identification of plant drugs:؟ Botanical name Family name Local name Part used Active compound Structure Therapeutic use Dosage form

المحاضرة الثانيه طريقة الاستخلاص تعريفها الطريقتين الباردة والحارة انواع الطرق الباردة التنقيع شنو يتضمن شنو الاجراء الي يصير اشكد ياخذ وقت المذيب المستخدم وخواصه كلش مهمه المزايا والعيوب لهاي الطريقة ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ الاستخلاص الحار المستمر 1_𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒓 ✅ 2_ 𝑺𝒐𝒙𝒉𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒔 ❕❌ 3_𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ✅ والغير مستمر طريقتين داخلات حالهن حال ترتيب الطرق الباردة بالنسبه 𝑺𝒐𝒙𝒉𝒍𝒆𝒕 تعريفه مزايا عيوب كلشي مداخل وكذلك جدول المقارنه بينه وبين Reflux ما داخل..

كروبنه اخذ محاضرتين فقط اول محاضرة المطلوب منها التعاريف التصنيفات اهم نقاط لتميز الادوية النباتيه التسمية 𝑩𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝑵𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑪𝒑𝒅 𝑫𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 الاجزاء البقيه كذلك مهمه ينقرن بس ذني اكثر شي كالت اشروهن كذلك صورة العلاج نحفظها وي الاسم العلمي يعني مثلا من تجيب صورة العلاج ع شكل لصقه (جونسون) بي صورة نسر هذا فلفل اسود والتركيب الكيميائي مداخل

21. The physiologically active thyroid hormone inside the nucleus binds to: A) Mitochondria B) Cytoplasm C) Thyroid receptor (TR) D) Ribosome ✅ Answer: C) Thyroid receptor (TR) 22. Thyroid hormone receptor is located in: A) Cytoplasm B) Cell membrane C) Nucleus D) Golgi apparatus ✅ Answer: C) Nucleus 23. T3 binds to thyroid receptor compared to T4: A) Less strongly B) More strongly C) Equally D) Does not bind ✅ Answer: B) More strongly 24. Thyroid hormone–receptor complex acts by: A) Activating enzymes directly B) Binding to RNA C) Binding to DNA D) Activating lysosomes ✅ Answer: C) Binding to DNA 25. Thyroid hormones regulate cell function by: A) Increasing glucose uptake only B) Increasing gene expression C) Increasing sodium excretion D) Decreasing protein synthesis ✅ Answer: B) Increasing gene expression 26. Removal of pituitary gland causes: A) Increased thyroid activity B) Normal thyroid activity C) Decreased thyroid activity D) Thyroid hypertrophy ✅ Answer: C) Decreased thyroid activity 27. Long-term TSH stimulation leads to: A) Thyroid atrophy B) Thyroid hypertrophy C) Thyroid necrosis D) Thyroid fibrosis ✅ Answer: B) Thyroid hypertrophy 28. Immediate effect of TSH injection includes increased: A) Calcium secretion B) Iodide binding C) Sodium excretion D) Potassium secretion ✅ Answer: B) Iodide binding 29. TSH increases synthesis of: A) Insulin B) Calcitonin C) T3 and T4 D) Cortisol ✅ Answer: C) T3 and T4 30. TSH stimulates secretion of: A) Thyroglobulin into colloid B) Insulin into blood C) Calcium into bone D) Glucose into plasma ✅ Answer: A) Thyroglobulin into colloid 31. Iodide trapping increases within: A) Seconds B) Minutes C) Hours D) Days ✅ Answer: C) Hours 32. Long-term TSH effect on thyroid gland weight: A) Decreases B) No change C) Increases D) Stops function ✅ Answer: C) Increases 33. The reservoir of thyroid hormones is: A) Blood B) Colloid C) Liver D) Kidney ✅ Answer: B) Colloid 34. Colloid enters thyroid cells by: A) Diffusion B) Filtration C) Endocytosis D) Osmosis ✅ Answer: C) Endocytosis 35. Thyroglobulin degradation occurs in: A) Ribosomes B) Lysosomes C) Nucleus D) Cytoplasm ✅ Answer: B) Lysosomes 36. Free thyroid hormones inhibit secretion of: A) TRH only B) TSH only C) TRH and TSH D) Calcitonin ✅ Answer: C) TRH and TSH 37. Transthyretin was formerly called: A) Thyroxine-binding globulin B) Thyroxine-binding prealbumin C) Albumin-binding hormone D) Thyroid-binding enzyme ✅ Answer: B) Thyroxine-binding prealbumin 38. Plasma protein with highest affinity for thyroid hormones: A) Albumin B) TBG C) Hemoglobin D) Globulin ✅ Answer: B) TBG 39. Thyroid hormone synthesis requires: A) Sodium B) Calcium C) Iodine D) Potassium ✅ Answer: C) Iodine 40. Main site of conversion of T4 to T3: A) Thyroid gland only B) Liver and kidneys C) Brain only D) Heart only ✅ Answer: B) Liver and kidneys أهم الأسئلة الوزارية المتكررة عادة من هذا الفصل ⭐ ركز عليهم أكثر قبل الامتحان: MIT + DIT → T3 DIT + DIT → T4 T3 هو الأكثر فعالية biologically Free hormone هو active TBG أهم ناقل TRH → hypothalamus TSH → anterior pituitary Enlargement = Goiter Colloid = reservoir Thyroid peroxidase = iodination enzyme

1. The thyroid gland primarily secretes hormones that regulate: A) Blood pressure B) Metabloism C) Respiration D) Digestion ✅ Answer: B) Metabolism 2. Thyroid hormones increase: A) CO₂ production only B) O₂ consumption by most cells C) Calcium excretion D) Sodium absorption ✅ Answer: B) O₂ consumption by most cells 3. Hypothyroidism during fetal life leads to: A) Gigantism B) Acromegaly C) Severe mental retardation and dwarfism D) Hyperactivity ✅ Answer: C) Severe mental retardation and dwarfism 4. Hypothyroidism in adults causes: A) Tachycardia B) Nervousness C) Mental and physical slowing D) Heat intolerance ✅ Answer: C) Mental and physical slowing 5. Excess thyroid hormone secretion causes: A) Weight gain B) Cold intolerance C) Body wasting D) Bradycardia ✅ Answer: C) Body wasting 6. Thyroid function is mainly controlled by: A) ACTH B) TSH C) GH D) FSH ✅ Answer: B) TSH 7. TSH is secreted from: A) Hypothalamus B) Posterior pituitary C) Anterior pituitary D) Thyroid gland ✅ Answer: C) Anterior pituitary 8. TRH is secreted from: A) Thyroid gland B) Hypothalamus C) Pituitary gland D) Liver ✅ Answer: B) Hypothalamus 9. Thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion by: A) Positive feedback B) Neural reflex C) Negative feedback D) Hormonal cascade ✅ Answer: C) Negative feedback 10. Calcitonin regulates: A) Sodium levels B) Potassium levels C) Calcium levels D) Glucose levels ✅ Answer: C) Calcium levels 11. Thyroglobulin is synthesized in: A) Colloid B) Thyroid cells C) Blood plasma D) Hypothalamus ✅ Answer: B) Thyroid cells 12. The enzyme responsible for iodination of thyroglobulin: A) Lipase B) Protease C) Thyroid peroxidase D) Amylase ✅ Answer: C) Thyroid peroxidase 13. First iodinated product formed is: A) T3 B) T4 C) MIT D) DIT ✅ Answer: C) MIT 14. MIT is converted into: A) T3 B) T4 C) DIT D) Calcitonin ✅ Answer: C) DIT 15. Two DIT molecules combine to form: A) T3 B) T4 C) MIT D) Calcitonin ✅ Answer: B) T4 16. Physiologically active thyroid hormone in plasma is: A) Bound hormone B) Free hormone C) Albumin-bound hormone D) TBG-bound hormone ✅ Answer: B) Free hormone 17. Thyroid hormones bind to plasma proteins except: A) Albumin B) Transthyretin C) TBG D) Hemoglobin ✅ Answer: D) Hemoglobin 18. The primary mediator of thyroid hormone physiological effects: A) T4 B) T3 C) Calcitonin D) TSH ✅ Answer: B) T3 19. T4 and T3 are mainly deiodinated in: A) Brain only B) Liver and kidneys C) Heart only D) Thyroid gland ✅ Answer: B) Liver and kidneys 20. Enlargement of thyroid gland is called: A) Adenoma B) Goiter C) Tumor D) Hyperplasia ✅ Answer: B) Goiter1. The thyroid gland primarily secretes hormones that regulate: A) Blood pressure B) Metabloism C) Respiration D) Digestion ✅ Answer: B) Metabolism 2. Thyroid hormones increase: A) CO₂ production only B) O₂ consumption by most cells C) Calcium excretion D) Sodium absorption ✅ Answer: B) O₂ consumption by most cells 3. Hypothyroidism during fetal life leads to: A) Gigantism B) Acromegaly C) Severe mental retardation and dwarfism D) Hyperactivity ✅ Answer: C) Severe mental retardation and dwarfism 4. Hypothyroidism in adults causes: A) Tachycardia B) Nervousness C) Mental and physical slowing D) Heat intolerance ✅ Answer: C) Mental and physical slowing 5. Excess thyroid hormone secretion causes: A) Weight gain B) Cold intolerance C) Body wasting D) Bradycardia ✅ Answer: C) Body wasting 6. Thyroid function is mainly controlled by: A) ACTH B) TSH C) GH D) FSH ✅ Answer: B) TSH 7. TSH is secreted from: A) Hypothalamus B) Posterior pituitary C) Anterior pituitary D) Thyroid gland ✅ Answer: C) Anterior pituitary 8. TRH is secreted from: A) Thyroid gland B) Hypothalamus C) Pituitary gland D) Liver ✅ Answer: B) Hypothalamus 9. Thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion by: A) Positive feedback B) Neural reflex

1. The adrenal medulla mainly secretes: A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) Catecholamines D) Estrogens Answer: C 2. The main catecholamines secreted by adrenal medulla are: A) Cortisol and aldosterone B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine C) Testosterone and estrogen D) Renin and angiotensin Answer: B 3. Percentage of epinephrine-secreting cells in adrenal medulla: A) 50% B) 60% C) 70% D) 90% Answer: D 4. The half-life of catecholamines in circulation is about: A) 2 minutes B) 20 minutes C) 60 minutes D) 90 minutes Answer: A 5. Epinephrine causes vasodilation mainly through: A) α1 receptors B) β1 receptors C) β2 receptors D) Dopamine receptors Answer: C 6. Norepinephrine produces vasoconstriction via: A) β2 receptors B) α1 receptors C) Dopamine receptors D) Mineralocorticoid receptors Answer: B 7. Dopamine causes renal vasodilation by acting on: A) α receptors B) β receptors C) Dopaminergic receptors D) ACTH receptors Answer: C 8. Emergency secretion of catecholamines is controlled mainly by: A) Endocrine system B) Nervous system C) Renin system D) Liver Answer: B 9. The adrenal cortex is divided into: A) Two zones B) Three zones C) Four zones D) Five zones Answer: B 10. Aldosterone is secreted from: A) Zona reticularis B) Zona fasciculata C) Zona glomerulosa D) Adrenal medulla Answer: C 11. Cortisol is secreted mainly from: A) Zona glomerulosa B) Zona fasciculata C) Renal cortex D) Medulla Answer: B 12. Adrenal cortex hormones are derived from: A) Tyrosine B) Cholesterol C) Protein D) Glucose Answer: B 13. Main mineralocorticoid hormone: A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) DHEA D) Testosterone Answer: B 14. Main glucocorticoid hormone: A) Aldosterone B) Cortisol C) Dopamine D) Renin Answer: B 15. Cortisol binds in blood mainly to: A) Albumin B) Transferrin C) CBG (transcortin) D) Hemoglobin Answer: C 16. Half-life of cortisol in circulation: A) 2 min B) 20 min C) 60–90 min D) 5 hours Answer: C 17. Cortisol is metabolized mainly in: A) Kidney B) Liver C) Heart D) Lung Answer: B 18. Aldosterone half-life is about: A) 2 min B) 20 min C) 60 min D) 90 min Answer: B 19. Glucocorticoids increase: A) Protein synthesis B) Protein catabolism C) Insulin secretion only D) Sodium excretion Answer: B 20. Glucocorticoids increase: A) Plasma glucose B) Plasma potassium C) Plasma calcium D) Plasma sodium loss Answer: A 21. Glucocorticoids inhibit secretion of: A) Renin B) ACTH C) Aldosterone D) Angiotensin Answer: B 22. Glucocorticoids decrease number of: A) Neutrophils B) RBCs C) Eosinophils D) Platelets Answer: C 23. Glucocorticoids increase number of: A) Eosinophils B) Neutrophils C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes Answer: B 24. Aldosterone increases reabsorption of: A) Potassium B) Sodium C) Hydrogen only D) Calcium Answer: B 25. Aldosterone increases excretion of: A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Glucose D) Protein Answer: B 26. Aldosterone secretion is stimulated mainly by: A) ACTH only B) Angiotensin II C) Insulin D) Thyroxine Answer: B 27. Increase in plasma potassium: A) Decreases aldosterone B) Increases aldosterone C) No effect D) Stops cortisol secretion Answer: B 28. About 75% of daily cortisol secretion occurs: A) Midnight B) Evening C) Early morning D) Afternoon Answer: C 29. ACTH half-life is about: A) 2 min B) 10 min C) 20 min D) 60 min Answer: B 30. Aldosterone primarily regulates: A) Glucose metabolism B) Salt balance C) Protein synthesis D) Lipid metabolism Answer: B

1. The adrenal medulla secretes mainly: A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) Catecholamines D) Androgens Answer: C 2. About 90% of adrenal medulla secretion is: A) Dopamine B) Norepinephrine C) Epinephrine D) Cortisol Answer: C 3. Half-life of circulating catecholamines: A) 2 minutes B) 20 minutes C) 60 minutes D) 90 minutes Answer: A 4. Epinephrine causes vasodilation mainly through: A) α1 receptors B) β2 receptors C) β1 receptors D) Dopamine receptors Answer: B 5. Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction mainly via: A) β2 receptors B) Dopamine receptors C) α1 receptors D) ACTH receptors Answer: C 6. Dopamine causes vasodilation especially in: A) Brain B) Heart C) Kidney D) Liver Answer: C 7. Emergency secretion of catecholamines controlled by: A) Endocrine system B) Nervous system C) Renin system D) Thyroid gland Answer: B 8. Adrenal cortex hormones are derived from: A) Tyrosine B) Cholesterol C) Protein D) Glucose Answer: B 9. Zona glomerulosa secretes: A) Cortisol B) Aldosterone C) Androgens D) Epinephrine Answer: B 10. Zona fasciculata secretes mainly: A) Aldosterone B) Cortisol C) Androgens D) Catecholamines Answer: B 11. Aldosterone half-life is approximately: A) 2 min B) 20 min C) 60 min D) 90 min Answer: B 12. Cortisol half-life: A) 2 min B) 20 min C) 60–90 min D) 5 hours Answer: C 13. Cortisol circulates mainly bound to: A) Albumin B) Hemoglobin C) CBG (transcortin) D) Transferrin Answer: C 14. Increase in estrogen causes: A) ↓ CBG B) ↑ CBG C) ↓ ACTH D) ↓ cortisol Answer: B 15. Glucocorticoids increase: A) Protein synthesis B) Protein breakdown C) Potassium retention D) Calcium absorption Answer: B 16. Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose by: A) Increasing insulin sensitivity B) Increasing glycogenesis C) Increasing gluconeogenesis D) Increasing glucose excretion Answer: C 17. Glucocorticoids decrease: A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Platelets D) RBCs Answer: B 18. Most important regulator of aldosterone secretion: A) ACTH B) Angiotensin II C) Cortisol D) Insulin Answer: B 19. Increase plasma K⁺ causes: A) ↓ aldosterone B) ↑ aldosterone C) ↓ cortisol D) ↓ ACTH Answer: B 20. Peak cortisol secretion occurs: A) Midnight B) Evening C) Early morning D) Afternoon Answer: C

A) Renin B) ACTH C) Angiotensin II D) Potassium Answer: B 28. Peak cortisol secretion occurs between: A) 10 PM – 2 AM B) 4 AM – 10 AM C) 12 PM – 4 PM D) 6 PM – 10 PM Answer: B 29. Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption from: A) Urine only B) Sweat only C) Saliva only D) Urine, sweat, saliva, colon Answer: D 30. Aldosterone increases H⁺ secretion leading to: A) Alkaline urine B) Acidic urine C) Neutral urine D) No change Answer: B 31. Rapid aldosterone action involves increasing: A) ENaC synthesis only B) ENaC insertion into membrane C) ACTH secretion D) Glucose transporters Answer: B 32. Slow aldosterone action involves increasing: A) ENaC synthesis B) Renin secretion C) Albumin production D) Cortisol binding Answer: A 33. Primary regulator of aldosterone secretion: A) ACTH B) Angiotensin II C) Cortisol D) Insulin Answer: B 34. Hemorrhage stimulates aldosterone secretion through: A) Increased insulin B) Increased renin C) Decreased potassium D) Increased glucose Answer: B 35. Sodium restriction increases aldosterone secretion via: A) ACTH B) Renin–angiotensin system C) Thyroid hormone D) Dopamine Answer: B

1. The enzyme required specifically for aldosterone biosynthesis is located in: A) Zona fasciculata B) Zona reticularis C) Zona glomerulosa D) Adrenal medulla Answer: C 2. All adrenal cortical zones secrete: A) Aldosterone B) Cortisol C) Corticosterone D) DHEA Answer: C 3. Epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine by: A) Hydroxylation B) Decarboxylation C) Methylation D) Oxidation Answer: C 4. In plasma, most circulating catecholamines are: A) Free and active B) Bound to albumin C) Conugated to sulfate (inactive) D) Bound to CBG Answer: C 5. Catecholamines increase insulin secretion via: A) α receptors B) β receptors C) Dopamine receptors D) Mineralocorticoid receptors Answer: B 6. Catecholamines inhibit insulin secretion via: A) α receptors B) β receptors C) ACTH receptors D) Angiotensin receptors Answer: A 7. Increase in cardiac contractility by catecholamines occurs through: A) α1 receptors B) β1 receptors C) β2 receptors D) Dopaminergic receptors Answer: B 8. Renal vasodilation produced by dopamine occurs through: A) α receptors B) β receptors C) Specific dopaminergic receptors D) ACTH receptors Answer: C 9. Catecholamine secretion decreases during: A) Stress B) Exercise C) Sleep D) Hypoglycemia Answer: C 10. The nucleus common to all steroid hormones including adrenal cortex hormones is: A) Pyridine ring B) Benzene ring C) Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus D) Purine ring Answer: C 11. Deoxycorticosterone has mineralocorticoid activity approximately: A) Equal to aldosterone B) 50% of aldosterone C) 10% of aldosterone D) 3% of aldosterone Answer: D 12. Increased estrogen levels cause: A) Decreased cortisol binding B) Increased CBG production C) Decreased ACTH secretion D) Increased aldosterone secretion Answer: B 13. Increase in CBG initially causes: A) Increase free cortisol B) Decrease free cortisol C) Increase aldosterone D) Increase ACTH inhibition Answer: B 14. Cortisol bound to plasma proteins is: A) Active B) Rapidly excreted C) Physiologically inactive D) Toxic Answer: C 15. Cortisone becomes physiologically active after conversion to: A) Aldosterone B) Cortisol C) DHEA D) Testosterone Answer: B 16. Adrenal androgen secretion is regulated mainly by: A) LH B) FSH C) ACTH D) Renin Answer: C 17. Adrenal androgens normally produce minimal masculinizing effects in adult males because: A) They are rapidly destroyed B) Their activity is <20% of testosterone C) They are not secreted D) They inhibit testosterone Answer: B 18. Peripheral conversion of androstenedione produces: A) Cortisol only B) Testosterone and estrogens C) Aldosterone D) ACTH Answer: B 19. Glucocorticoids increase hepatic: A) Glycolysis B) Glycogenesis C) Lipolysis only D) Protein synthesis Answer: B 20. Glucocorticoids worsen diabetes mainly by: A) Increasing insulin secretion B) Increasing insulin sensitivity C) Anti-insulin effect in peripheral tissues D) Increasing glucagon breakdown Answer: C 21. Brain glucose utilization during glucocorticoid excess: A) Decreases B) Stops C) Remains preserved D) Becomes insulin dependent Answer: C 22. Failure to excrete water load in adrenal insufficiency is corrected by: A) Mineralocorticoids B) Glucocorticoids C) Catecholamines D) Estrogens Answer: B 23. Glucocorticoids decrease circulating: A) Neutrophils B) Platelets C) Eosinophils D) RBCs Answer: C 24. Severe stress survival depends on increased secretion of: A) Insulin B) ACTH C) Thyroxine D) Aldosterone only Answer: B 25. Long-term ACTH excess leads to: A) Addison disease B) Cushing syndrome C) Hypothyroidism D) Diabetes insipidus Answer: B 26. Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids require: A) Low hormone levels B) Moderate hormone levels C) High circulating hormone levels D) Absence of ACTH Answer: C 27. Basal glucocorticoid secretion depends mainly on: