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Mammalian cells are relatively protected from alternative complement activation partly because their surface contains:
A) IgM
B) Sialic acid
C) C5b
D) Properdin
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A molecule binds to C3b and is then cleaved, leaving Bb attached to C3b. The resulting complex is:
A) C3bBb
B) C3bBbC3b
C) C4b2a
D) C5b-9
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سلام الله عليكم ورحمة وبركاتة، مسابقة ال microbiology
الأربعاء ، ٩:٣٠ بإذن الله
موفقين وبارك الله في وقتكم وعلمكم 💚🍀
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Repost from نُور قلبي الله.
تخيلوا بس الوجع، موت وخراب ديار💔💔💔.
بنحاول نتساعد إن شاء الله كلنا، المبلغ صح كبير بس انا واثقة بالله إن احنا بنقدر نغطي ولو جزء يخفف عنهم العبء.
بنقسمها أسهم، من ألف أو ٥٠٠ وبعون الله بنقدر ❤️🩹.
تذكروا إن الخير الله بيرزقنا به، ف لاتفوتوا أبدا نصيبكم من الخير وكونوا جزء منه.
واتمنى من أصحاب القنوات كامل ينشروا، مش عشاني انا ابدا، عشان نخفف عنهم ولو بالجزء اليسير واللي ما يشتي يحول من قناتي يشل الصورة وينسخ الكلام المهم ننشر.
لعلها توصل لفاعلي خير ويسددوا المبلغ ويفرحوا اسرة ❤️🩹.
حسابات التبرع :
كريمي : 3168034171
جيب : 4077243
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Cranial nerves
• Olfactory Nerve
• Optic Nerve
• Oculomotor Nerve
• Trochlear Nerve
• Trigeminal Nerve
• Abducent Nerve
• Facial Nerve
• Vestibulocochlear Nerve
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve
• Vagus Nerve
• Accessory Nerve
• Hypoglossal Nerve
#VAGUS_CHANNEL
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Cranial nerves
• Olfactory Nerve
• Optic Nerve
• Oculomotor Nerve
• Trochlear Nerve
• Trigeminal Nerve
• Abducent Nerve
• Facial Nerve
• Vestibulocochlear Nerve
• Vagus Nerve
• Accessory Nerve
• Hypoglossal Nerve
#VAGUS_CHANNEL
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Hypoglossal NerveHypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) ● Origin : - Arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata. - Emerges from the preolivary sulcus (between the pyramid and olive). - Exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal. - Passes deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and enters the tongue. ● Type : Motor (GSE). ● Function : 📌 Motor Supply - Supplies all intrinsic muscles of the tongue. - Supplies all extrinsic muscles of the tongue except Palatoglossus. ● Intrinsic muscles: - Superior longitudinal. - Inferior longitudinal. - Transverse. - Vertical. ● Extrinsic muscles: - Genioglossus. - Hyoglossus. - Styloglossus. - Palatoglossus → Supplied by CN X (Vagus nerve). 📌 Actions - Tongue movements during: - Speech. - Swallowing. - Mastication. - Genioglossus protrudes the tongue. 📌 Injury ● Common causes : - Brainstem lesions. - Neck surgery. - Carotid artery surgery. - Skull base tumors. - Head trauma. ● Clinical Features : - Ipsilateral paralysis of the tongue muscles. - Tongue deviates toward the affected side on protrusion. - Muscle wasting (atrophy) of the affected side. - Fasciculations of the tongue. - Dysarthria. - Difficulty swallowing (severe lesions). 📌 Clinical Test : - Ask the patient to protrude the tongue. - Observe for tongue deviation. - Inspect for atrophy and fasciculations. - Ask the patient to move the tongue from side to side. 🍀 High-Yield Points : - CN XII = Hypoglossal nerve. - Pure motor nerve (GSE). - Supplies all tongue muscles except Palatoglossus. - Palatoglossus → CN X (Vagus). - Tongue deviates toward the affected side in a lower motor neuron lesion. - Lesion → Tongue atrophy + Fasciculations + Dysarthria. #Head_and_neck #CLINICAL_ANATOM
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Accessory NerveAccessory Nerve (CN XI) ● Origin : - Has two roots: - Cranial root → Arises from the medulla oblongata. - Spinal root → Arises from the anterior horn of the spinal cord (C1–C5). - The spinal root enters the skull through the foramen magnum. - Both roots exit the skull through the jugular foramen. - The cranial root joins the Vagus nerve (CN X) after exiting the skull. ● Type : - Motor (SVE). ● Function : 📌 Motor Supply - Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. - Trapezius muscle. 📌 Actions - Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): - Rotates the head to the opposite side. - Flexes the neck. Trapezius: - Elevates the shoulder. - Assists in shrugging the shoulder. - Helps abduct the arm above 90°. 📌 Injury ● Common causes : - Neck surgery (especially lymph node biopsy). - Posterior triangle trauma. - Jugular foramen lesions. - Head and neck tumors. - Skull base fractures. ● Clinical Features : - Weakness of shoulder shrug. - Shoulder droop on the affected side. - Weakness in turning the head to the opposite side. - Difficulty abducting the arm above 90°. - Wasting of the SCM and trapezius muscles. 📌 Clinical Test : - Ask the patient to shrug the shoulders against resistance (tests Trapezius). - Ask the patient to turn the head against resistance (tests SCM). - Inspect for muscle wasting or shoulder asymmetry. 🍀 High-Yield Points : - CN XI = Accessory nerve. - Pure motor nerve (SVE). - Supplies SCM and Trapezius. - SCM → Turns the head to the opposite side. - Trapezius → Elevates the shoulder. - Lesion → Shoulder droop + Weak shoulder shrug + Weak head rotation to the opposite side. - Most commonly injured during posterior triangle surgery. #Head_and_neck #CLINICAL_ANATOM
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Vagus NerveVagus Nerve (CN X) ● Origin : - Arises from the medulla oblongata. - Emerges from the posterolateral sulcus of the medulla. - Exits the skull through the jugular foramen. - Has superior (jugular) and inferior (nodose) sensory ganglia. ● Type : Mixed nerve: - Sensory (GSA & GVA & SVA). - Motor (SVE). - Parasympathetic (GVE). ● Function : 📌 Sensory Supply - General sensation from: - Larynx. - Pharynx. - External acoustic meatus. - Part of the external ear. -Taste from the epiglottis. ● Visceral sensation from: - Heart. - Lungs. - Thoracic viscera. - Abdominal viscera (up to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon). 📌 Motor Supply - Supplies the muscles of: - Pharynx (except Stylopharyngeus). - Larynx. - Soft palate (except Tensor veli palatini). ●Essential for: - Swallowing. - Phonation. - Elevation of the soft palate. 📌 Parasympathetic Supply - Heart → Decreases heart rate. - Lungs → Bronchoconstriction. - Gastrointestinal tract → Increases peristalsis and glandular secretion. 📌 Reflexes ☆ Gag reflex: - Afferent limb → CN IX. - Efferent limb → CN X. ☆ Cough reflex: - Afferent → CN X. - Efferent → CN X. 📌 Injury ● Common causes : - Brainstem lesions. - Jugular foramen syndrome. - Thyroid surgery. - Carotid surgery. - Neck trauma. - Skull base tumors. ● Clinical Features : - Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). - Hoarseness of voice. - Loss of gag reflex (efferent limb). - Palate droops on the affected side. - Uvula deviates away from the affected side. - Weak or absent cough. - Vocal cord paralysis. 📌 Clinical Test : - Ask the patient to say "Ah" and observe the palate and uvula. - Assess the gag reflex: - Afferent → CN IX. - Efferent → CN X. - Assess swallowing. - Listen for hoarseness of voice. - Assess the cough reflex. 🍀 High-Yield Points : - CN X = Vagus nerve. - Supplies pharynx, larynx, and soft palate (except Stylopharyngeus and Tensor veli palatini). - Parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal viscera. - Gag reflex: IX = Afferent, X = Efferent. - Uvula deviates away from the lesion. - Palate droops on the affected side. - Lesion → Hoarseness + Dysphagia + Absent gag reflex (efferent limb). #Head_and_neck #CLINICAL_ANATOM
