Crest Learning UPSC

➡️A committee set up by RBI to develop a framework for responsible and ethical enablement of artificial intelligence(FREE-AI) in financial sector, aiming to harness it's potential. 👉committee has developed 7 sutra. 🔹Trust issue the foundation 🔹peole first 🔹fairness and equity 🔹accountability 🔹understandable by design and safety. 🔹Resilience and Sustainability 👉address the dimensions of Innovation as well as risk Mitigation.

➡️Russion attack on Kherson

➡️Israel's strike on Beit lahia (northern Gaza)

➡️Who are the Khawarij 🔹An early Islamic sect from the 7th century CE that split from Caliph Ali’s army after the Battle of Siffin (657 CE). 🔹Rejected arbitration, insisting “Judgement belongs to God alone” 👉Acc. To Pakistan. In Pakistan, Khawarij is a term used for extremist groups like the TTP or ISIS who kill other Muslims and reject the country’s lawful authority. It means they are seen as the modern version of an old violent sect in Islam that misused religion for bloodshed. 🔹Believed any pious Muslim (even a slave) could be Caliph; opposed dynastic rule. 🔹Practised takfir — declaring Muslims guilty of major sins as apostates — and legitimised killing them. 🔹Considered the first extremist movement in Islamic history, influencing later militant ideologies.

➡️Israeli strikes on - Al-Zaytun (also called Zeitoun or Harat the southwestern and largest quarter of the Old City of Gaza.

➡️Industrial Accidents in India ~560 accidents (2010–20) → 2,500+ deaths, 8,500+ injuries. Avg 1,100 deaths/year in factories (2018–20); 3 deaths/day (2012–22). 👉Main Reasons 🔹Aging infrastructure, poor maintenance. 🔹Weak enforcement of safety laws. 🔹Inadequate worker training. 🔹Fragmented regulatory oversight. 👉Impacts 🔹Human loss: fatalities, injuries. 🔹Environmental damage (pollution, contamination). 🔹Economic loss & production shutdowns. 👉 Solutions 🔹Strict enforcement of safety codes. 🔹Modernize plants with tech (sensors, auto-shutdown). 🔹Regular safety training & drills. 🔹National accident database & transparent audits. 🔹Incentives for industries adopting safety measures.

➡️Reason for US Tariffs on India (2025) 🔹 Continued import of Russian oil despite Western sanctions. 🔹US view that these purchases indirectly fund Russia’s war efforts. 🔹Indias trade surplus with U.S 41.18billion(2024-25) 👆impacts of Tariffs on india 🔹trade balance (except oil) 🔹india's export to the U.S can go down by 25%. 🔹trade deficit widens by about 0.56% of GDP to 7.84% 🔹real GDP growth drops by about 0.6% ( from 6.5% to 5.9%) 🔹increase of current account deficit(CAD) from 0.6% to 1.15% 👉Way to mitigate such effects. 🔹U.S also has imposed Tariffs on the countries which are competitor for India exports, this can moderate the impact. 🔹recent agreement with UK, comprehensive economic and trade agreement. It may affect CAD 🔹rupee depreciation could help narrow the CAD and GDP growth. 🔹india still has space to negotiate with the U.S such as agriculture and allied sectors, and MSME. 🔹diversify the export market.

➡️ Over 85% of rural drinking and 65% of irrigation water come from below surface. 👉The 2024 Annual Ground Water Quality Report by Central ground water board(CGWB) Contaminant & Health Effects Arsenic - Skin lesions, cancers (skin, bladder, lung), cardiovascular disease Fluoride - Dental & skeletal fluorosis, brittle bones Nitrate- Methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), gastrointestinal distress Iron- Liver damage (in high doses), promotes bacterial growth in pipelines.

➡️Rsident- Physical presence in india for a minimum no of days fixed by laws. 👉Acc. To IT Act,1961( sec 6) 🔹Stayed in india 182 days or more in a financial year. OR 🔹stay 60 days or more in that year and 365 days or more in the last 4 years. 👉Acc. To FEMA,1999 🔹Stayed 182 days or more in last financial year. 🔹excludes those who have gone abroad for job / business. 👉Companies Act,2013 🔹must have Stayed 182 days or more. ●Manmohan Singh v CIT(SC),1970 Residential status depends on physical presence for required days, not the purpose of stay. ➡️Ordinarily Resident- 👉IT Act,1961(sec 6) Resident and Ordinarily Resident 🔹Resident in india for at least 2 years in last 10 years. 🔹stayed in india for 730 days or more in the last 7 years NOTE- if any condition fails, Resident but not Ordinarily resident. 👉RPA,1950 sec.19, Usual place of living 🔹temporary absence for work/study do not break ordinary residence. (Sec.20,) shall not deemed to be Ordinarily resident in a constituency only because he/she owns or possesses a dwelling house. Sec. 20A(2010) Enable non resident Indians to register and vote, even if they are moved abroad for long term. ● Mohammad Raza v state of Bombay, 1966 OR means habitual & regular place of living, which is not broken by temporary absence for work, study and travel.

I am out of working place. Will update everything. Please, feel free🙏

➡️Biochar- typ of charcoal rich in carbon and produced from agricultural residue and organic municipal solid waste. 👉India generates over 600Million metric tonnes of agricultural residue and over 60 million tonnes of municipal solid waste/year. 🔹Significant portion of both is burnt or dumped leading to Air pollution from GHGs such as Methane, Nitrous oxide, CO2. 🔹holds carbon in the soil for 100- 1000 years. 👆POTENTIAL- 🔹By using 30%- to 50% of surplus waste, India can produce 15- 26million tonnes of biochar and remove 0.1 gigatonnes of CO2 annually. 🔹Byproducts of biochar production, ● Syngas(20-30Mt) - replace 0.4-0.7Mt of Coal ● bio- oil(20-40Mt)- reduce more than 2% of India's total fossil-fuel-based emission. 🔹if use in Agriculture can improve water retention. 🔹it also enhance soil organic carbon, resdore degraded soils. 🔹in construction increase heat resistance by 20% 🔹waste water treatment, 1kg biochar can treat 200- 500 litres of WW ( india generates more than 70billion litres of wastewater/day, of which 72% is left untreated) 👉If having huge benefits what hinders to apply it ? 🔹underrepresented in carbon credit systems due to consistent carbon accounting methods which undermines investers confidence. 🔹insufficient policy support 🔹lack of coordination areas such as agriculture, energy & climate policy. 👉What next... 🔹sustained support for R&D 🔹Recognise biochar as a verifiable carbon removal within indian mkt. Can generate additional income. 🔹deploy biochar production equipments at the village level( create 5.2lakh rural jobs).

➡️Russia has seized a new village (Sichneve) in Dnipropetrovsk(Dnipro)

➡️SC, empowerd to pollution control board (PCB) to impose and collect restitutionary and compensatory damages. 👉regulated under 🔹sec 33A of water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974. 🔹sec 31A of Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981.

➡️Ministry of defence, women form .. 🔹13.4% in Air force 🔹6.85% in Army 🔹6%Navy ● operation Sindoor led by 🔹Colonel Soniya qureshi(Army) 🔹Wing commander Vyomika Singh (Air force)

➡️Eccess Mortality- difference b/w total no of deaths during a pandemic or natural disater compared to deaths under normal conversations. 👉acc. to Civil registration system(CRS) India recorded 76.4 lakh death in 2019.

➡️ India's battery waste management. 👉India's EV lithium battery demand would be Nearly 139 gigawatt-hours(GWh) by 2035 from 4GWh in 2023. 👉expanding renewable energy, demand for lithium batteries may impose environmental costs without Recycling framework. 👉To ensure sustainable management and Recycling, govts initiatives.. 🔹Bttery waste management rules(BWMR) in 2022. 👉Issues with management.... 🔹Pruducers rely on recyclers but they lack logistics, infra. Skills and technology. 🔹they do not receive a minimum EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility)floor price. 🔹recyclers generate fake EPR certificates to producers. 👉Benefit of Recycling.. 🔹ECONOMIC- li-ion batteries have rare minerals- Cobalt, lithium and nickel, efficient recovery can reduce import dependence. 🔹leverage for circular economy. 🔹ENVIRONMENTAL- Net zero goals by 2070, prevent leakage of hazardous materials into soil and water 👉Way forward.. 🔹Set fair and globally comparable EPR floor price. eg. UK pay close to 600/kg for EV battery Recycling. 🔹include robust audit system to prevent fraudulents. 🔹integrate informal recyclers into formal sector. 🔹stringent penalties for fraud and non-compliance

➡️e-waste and it's repairabilitty through right to repair. 👉in 2021-22, India generated over 1.Million tonnes of e-waste ( world third largest producer) 👆why? Because most modern gadgets are built for compactness and control, not repair. 🔹acc. to iFixit global report, only 23% of smartphones sold in Asia are easily repairable due to design constraints. 👉SDG12- promotes repair as part of responsible consumption. 👉How govt. Tackling such issues. 🔹The department of consumer affairs launched right to repair framework in 2022 followed by a National portal covering electronics, automobiles and farm equipment. 🔹e- waste (management) rules, 2022 introduced Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR) (Makes manufacturers responsible for post use product management) 🔹Mission LiFE (LiFEStyle for Environment- promote repair and reuse. 👉What needs to do more.. 🔹improve national skilling Programmes (such as PMKVY,) and make them more inclusive.( formal and informal) 🔹policy must consider not only how to manufacturer and use but also how they break down & repair. 🔹Department of consumer affairs could expand the right to repair framework to include product classification and community involvement. 🔹Ministry of labour and Emplyment, can formally recognise informal repairers (through e-shram) and connect them to a social protection and skill building schemes. 🔹Ministry of skill development and Entrepreneurship can held training Programmes focus on diagnostic nature of repair work.

➡️Naangarni Spardha- the traditional ploughing race, in Ratnagiri district in maharashtra.

➡️India's total installed capacity of wind energy is 51.3GW 👉 acc. to National Institute of wind energy, potential issues 1163.9GW at 150m above the ground level. 👉Concerned... 🔹impact on fauna (Birds) 🔹Wildlife institute of india estimated, Bird Mortality rates at wind farms are the highest in the world in India's Thar Desert. 👉1.24 bird deaths per turbine per month in thar. 👉Mitigation measures.. to bird collision with wind turbine 🔹painting turbine blades to increase visibility 🔹Shutting turbines down at a certain time of day or season. 🔹carefully select the site of a wind farms

➡️ Buoyancy flux = How fast and how strongly a fluid rises or sinks because it got lighter or heavier.— usually due to heating, cooling, or changes in salt. 🔹 Example: When the sun heats the ground, the air above becomes lighter and rises. The faster and stronger this rising happens, the higher the buoyancy flux. ➡️Cold Pools- Rain in the tropics often comes with large clouds and cold, dry air called cold pools. 🔹cool the ocean surface by blocking sunlight and increasing transfer of heat from the water to air. ➡️Cold rain zone- western pacific and indian oceans, where rain was associated with more heat loss. ➡️Hot rain zone- in central pacific where heat loss was less intense.