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📌 Brachiocephalic Trunk is the largest branch of the arch of the aorta. 📌 The brachiocephalic trunk is covered anteriorly by the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles. 📌 thyroid ima artery has a variable origin. It mostly arises from the brachiocephalic trunk, but may also originate from the aortic arch. 📌 The Anterior Jugular Vein is usually the smallest of the jugular veins. 📌 The Subclavian Vein large vein is the continuation of the axillary vein. 📌 The vagus nerve, is the longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. 📌 The vagus nerve is joined by the cranial root of the accessory nerve, just after this inferior ganglion. 📌 As the vagus nerve descends down the carotid sheath, it communicates with the filaments or branches of the cervical sympathetic trunk. 📌 Both right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves are given off by the vagus nerves after they enter into the thorax. 📌 all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscle, are innervated by the ipsilateral recurrent nerve.

📌 common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage. 📌 internal carotid artery ascends within this triangle toward the base of the skull. 📌 Carotid sinus a dilation of the proximal part of the internal carotid artery and distal part of common carotid artery. 📌carotid sinus is a baroreceptor that reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure. 📌 carotid sinus can be used therapeutically in treatment of resistant hypertension by baroreflex activation. 📌 there are central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata that are primarily sensitive to changes in pH and PCO2. 📌 The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it.

📌 The posterior triangle of the neck is an anatomical area located in the lateral aspect of the neck. 📌 third part of the subclavian artery is the longest and most superficial part. 📌It lies on the 1st rib, and its pulsations can be felt by applying deep pressure in the omoclavicular triangle. 📌 suprascapular artery: supplies muscles on the posterior aspect of the scapula. 📌 The external jugular vein (EJV) begins near the angle of the mandible by the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein. 📌 The subclavian vein passes anterior to the anterior scalene muscle and phrenic nerve. 📌 the roots are formed by anterior rami of C5-T1. 📌 Roots of brachial plexus appear between the anterior and the middle scalene muscles. 📌 On the left, the phrenic nerve crosses anterior to the first part of the subclavian artery. 📌 on the right, it lies on the anterior scalene muscle and crosses anterior to the second part of the subclavian artery.

📌subclavian artery can have two origins: the aortic arch on the left the brachiocephalic trunk on the right 📌 As the subclavian artery crosses the lateral border of the first rib, it becomes the axillary artery. 📌 subclavian artery is divided into three parts by scalene anterior muscle. 📌 vertebral artery is the largest branch of subclavian artery. 📌 thyrocervical trunk arise from 1st part of subclavian artery and its Very short. 📌 Each subclavian vein is a direct continuation of the axillary vein once it passed the lateral border of the first rib. 📌 The internal jugular vein originates within the posterior part of the jugular foramen. 📌 The IJV origin is demarcated by a dilation called the superior bulb of internal jugular vein. 📌 the IJV lies lateral to the common carotid artery and the vagus nerve. 📌 The cervical plexus is formed in the lateral side of the neck deep to sternocleidomastoid m.

📌An important function of the cervical fascia is to guide against the spread of pus and debris resulting from diseased or abnormal tissues. 📌 just superior to the manubrium, the investing layer of deep cervical fascia remains divided into two layers to enclose the SCM. 📌 Prevertebral layer extends laterally as the axillary sheath. 📌 The retropharyngeal space is the largest and most important interrasclal space in the neck. 📌 Inferiorly, the carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia communicate freely with the mediastinum of the thorax, and also communicate with the cranial cavity superiorly. 📌 The sternocleidomastoid muscle plays a central role in the formation of the triangles of the neck. 📌 The actions of the trapezius muscle is largely dependent on the direction of the fibres that are contracting. 📌 The sternohyoid muscle is located within the superficial plane. 📌 The middle scalene is the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles. 📌 The brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.

📌 cervical v. consists of seven distinct vertebrae, divided into two groups Ttypical cervical vertebrae atypical cervical vertebrae. 📌 atlas does not have a spinous process or a body. 📌 Protruding laterally from the lateral masses are the transverse processes of the atlas that again feature the foramen transversarium. 📌 The dens, and its articulation with the atlas, acts as a pivot around which rotation of the head can occur. 📌 the atlanto-occipital joints allow for nodding, flexionlextension, or yes motions of the head. 📌 The articulations between the atlas and axis allow for rotation of the head or 'no' motions. 📌 the intervertebral discs lie in between all cervical vertebrae with the exception of C1 and C2. 📌 The outer component of the disc is known as the annulus fibrosus. It is made of fibrocartilage. 📌 Anterior longitudinal ligament are the only spinal ligaments that limit hyperextension of the vertebral column. 📌 The PLL does not help prevent posterolateral herniations as it is absent in this region. 📌 The cervical vertebrae have three main features Triangular vertebral foramen. Bifid spinous process Transverse foramina 📌 the hyoid bone is the only bone located in the anterior neck.

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the following cranial bones. 📌they are lined by respiratory mucosa, which is ciliated and mucus secreting. 📌 innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve. 📌 When the apertures of the sinuses are blocked or they become filled with fluid, the quality of the voice is markedly changed. 📌frontal sinus are underdeveloped at birth. They reach their full size and shape around the age of seven or eight years . 📌 The ethmoidal sinuses are unique because they are the only paranasal sinuses that are more complex than just a single cavity. 📌 The sphenoid bone shares a close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland. Indeed, the pituitary can be accessed surgically by passing instruments through the sphenoid bone and sinus. 📌 Rhinitis: The nasal mucosa becomes swollen and inflamed during severe upper respiratory infections. 📌 The saddle nose deformity occurs primarily as a result of nasal trauma. 📌 As cartilage has no blood supply of its own.

📌 The nasal cavities communicate posteriorly with the nasopharynx by two apertures called nasal choanae. 📌 Mucosa lines the nasal cavity, except for the nasal vestibule, which is lined with skin . 📌 The inferior two thirds of the nasal mucosa is the respiratory area, and the superior one third is the olfactory area. 📌 Nasal Conchae is projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are curved shelves of bone. 📌 The function of the conchae is to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity. 📌 The inferior concha is the longest of the conchae. 📌 Extreme septal deviation can produce nasal occlusion. 📌 the lateral wall of the middle meatus elevates to form the dome-shaped ethmoidal bulla. 📌 Nasolacrimal duct - acts to drain tears from the eye. It opens into the inferior meatus. 📌 The nose receives blood from both the internal and external carotid arteries. 📌 The largest vessel supplying the nasal cavity is the sphenopalatine artery. 📌 Kiesselbach's plexus is a vascular network of four or five arteries in the nose. It supplies the nasal septum. 📌 Epistaxis is the medical term for a nosebleed. 📌 Emissary veins in general are routes by which infections can track from peripheral regions into the cranial cavity.

📌 The tongue is a mobile muscular organ covered with mucous membrane. 📌 The dorsum of the tongue is characterized by a V-shaped groove, the terminal sulcus of the tongue, the angle of which points posteriorly to the foramen cecum. 📌 Thyroglossal cysts can be defined as an irregular neck mass or a lump which develops from cells and tissues left over after the formation of the thyroid gland during developmental stages. 📌 The vallate, foliate, and most of the fungiform papillae contain taste receptors in the taste buds. 📌 Taste buds contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells. 📌 The superior and inferior longitudinal muscles act together to make the tongue short and thick and to retract the protruded tongue. 📌 Styloglossus is the smallest and shortest of the three styloid muscles. 📌 All of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve , except palatoglossus, which has vagal innervation Palatoglossus.

📌 The palate forms the arched roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavities. 📌 The superior (nasal) surface of the palate is covered with respiratory mucosa, and the inferior (oral) surface is covered with oral mucosa. 📌 The incisive fossa is a depression in the midline of the bony palate posterior to the central incisor teeth. 📌 The soft palate is the movable posterior third of the palate. 📌 When a person swallows, the soft palate initially is tensed to allow the tongue to press against it, squeezing the bolus of food to the back of the mouth. 📌 The palatine tonsils are masses of lymphoid tissue, one on each side of the oropharynx. 📌 The palatine raphe marks the site of fusion of the embryonic palatal processes. 📌 Except for the tensor veli palatini supplied by CN V3, all muscles of the soft palate are supplied through the pharyngeal plexus. 📌 The parotid glands, the largest of the three paired salivary glands. 📌 The sublingual glands are the smallest of the three paired salivary.

📌 oral region can be used for breathing because it opens into the pharynx, which is a common pathway for food and air. 📌 The oral cavity spans between the oral fissure , and the oropharyngeal isthmus . 📌The oral cavity consists of two parts: the oral vestibule and the oral cavity proper. 📌 Opposite the upper second molar tooth, the duct of the parotid gland opens out into the vestibule. 📌 The labial frenula are free-edged folds of mucous membrane in the midline. 📌 The superior and inferior labial arteries, branches of the facial arteries, anastomose with each other in the lips to form an arterial ring. 📌 the posterior margin of the buccinator muscle is joined to the anterior margin of the superior constrictor muscle by the pterygomandibular raphe. 📌 The primary dentition is composed of 20 teeth. 📌 The anatomical crown is all of the tooth that is covered with the enamel. 📌 Molar teeth are particularly at risk of dental caries due to the presence of deep grooves that run across the occlusal surface of the teeth.

📌 The inner ear has two functions 1-responsible for hearing 2-maintain balance 📌 The inner ear is located within the petrous part of the temporal bone. 📌 The inner ear has two openings into the middle ear, both covered by membranes, The oval window and round window. 📌 The helicotrema, the location where the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct merge.This continuation at the helicotrema allows fluid being pushed into the vestibular duct. 📌 Both the vestibular and basilar membranes are connected along the osseous cochlea by the spiral ligament. 📌 The Organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium, a cellular layer on the basilar membrane, in which sensory hair cells are located. 📌 The hair cells in the organ of Corti are tuned to certain sound, due to the degree of stiffness in the basilar membrane. 📌 Perilymph is secreted by arterioles in the periosteum surrounding the labyrinth. 📌 Endolymph is secreted by tissue in chochlear duct. 📌 the facial nerve does not innervate any structure in the inner ear.

📌 The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped space that communicates with the temporal fossa through the interval between the zygomatic arch and the cranial bones. 📌 The muscles of mastication are associated with movements of the jaw. 📌 The masseter muscle is the most powerful muscle of mastication. 📌 Temporalis muscle is covered by tough fascia which can be harvested surgically and used to repair a perforated tympanic membrane. 📌 The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the articulation of the mandible and the temporal bone of the cranium. 📌 There are three extracapsular ligaments. They act to stablise the temporomandibular joint. 📌 The arterial supply to the TMJ is provided by the branches of the external carotid, principally the superficial temporal branch.

📌 Temporal fossa: It contains the temporalis muscle, the deep temporal nerves and vessels, the auriculotemporal nerve, and the superficial temporal vessels. 📌 The fan-shaped temporalis muscle arises from the bony floor and overlying temporal fascia. 📌 The parotid region is the posterolateral part of the facial region. 📌 The parotid gland is the largest of three paired salivary glands. 📌 The secretions of the parotid gland are transported to the oral cavity by the Stensen duct. 📌 The duct of parotid gland pierces the buccinator. It opens out into the oral cavity near the second upper molar. 📌 The intimate relationships between the facial nerve and the parotid gland mean that surgical removal of the parotid gland is a difficult dissection. 📌 Parasympathetic stimulation causes an increase in saliva production.

📌 Horner's syndrome is caused by injury to cervical sympathetic nerves. 📌 Common causes of lesions to cervical sympathetics include tuberculosis, Pancoast's tumor, trauma, and injury to carotid arteries. 📌 One or more extra-ocular muscles may be paralyzed by disease in the brainstem or by a head injury, resulting in diplopia. 📌 Trochlear nerve palsy It causes weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle that it innervates. 📌 Glaucoma can be treated by surgical iridectomy or laser iridotomy for drainage of aqueous humor . 📌 Crocodile tears syndrome is spontaneous lacrimation during eating caused by a lesion of the facial nerve proximal to the geniculate ganglion.

📌 Responsible for eye movement- Recti and oblique muscles 📌 Responsible for superior eyelid movement - Levator palpebrae superioris. 📌 superior tarsal muscle receives sympathetic innervation from the carotid plexus. 📌 Recti muscle are originate from the common tendinous ring. 📌 ciliary muscle which is responsible of accommodation. 📌 The ciliary ganglion is a bundle of nerve parasympathetic. 📌 The trochlear nerve : It is the smallest nerve in terms of the number of axons it contains. It has the greatest intracranial length. It is the only cranial nerve that exits from the dorsal aspect of brainstem. 📌 The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. 📌 Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus. 📌 The fibers of the optic tract that synapse at the pretectal nucleus, do not communicate with the lateral geniculate body.