Ethio DVM Association

For DVM exit exam takers!!!

ELISA stands for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. It is a widely used biochemical technique used to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample. ELISA is commonly used in medical diagnostics, research, and quality control in various industries. There are several types of ELISA, including direct ELISA, indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, and competitive ELISA. Each type has its own specific applications and variations in the procedure. The basic principle of ELISA involves immobilizing the antigen or antibody of interest onto a solid surface, such as a microplate, and then detecting the presence of the complementary molecule using an enzyme-linked detection system. This can involve multiple steps including binding, washing, and detection. ELISA is highly sensitive and specific, making it a valuable tool for detecting and quantifying proteins, antibodies, hormones, and other molecules in biological samples. It is commonly used in medical laboratories to diagnose diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and Lyme disease. ELISA is also used in research laboratories to study protein-protein interactions, signal transduction pathways, and immune responses. #Share

Vaccine: A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. It typically contains a killed or weakened form of the disease-causing organism, or parts of it, which stimulates the body's immune system to recognize and destroy the pathogen if the person is exposed to it in the future. The constituents of a vaccine may include: 1. Antigens: These are the specific molecules from the pathogen (bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms) that trigger an immune response. 2. Adjuvants: These are added to some vaccines to enhance the body's immune response to the antigen. 3. Stabilizers: These help to preserve the vaccine during storage and transportation. 4. Preservatives: These prevent contamination of the vaccine by bacteria or fungi. Types of vaccines include: 1. Live attenuated vaccines: These contain a weakened form of the pathogen that can still replicate but usually does not cause disease. 2. Inactivated vaccines: These contain killed versions of the pathogen. 3. Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines: These contain specific pieces of the pathogen, such as proteins, sugars, or capsular polysaccharides. 4. mRNA vaccines: These contain genetic material that instructs cells to produce a protein similar to one found on the virus, triggering an immune response. Function The function of vaccines is to stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response (antibodies and memory cells) against a specific pathogen without causing the disease itself. This prepares the body to recognize and rapidly respond to the pathogen if it is encountered in the future, thus preventing or reducing the severity of the disease.

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