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اسئلة heme النجار..

اسئلة DNA extraction جزئية العملي 28 سؤال..

هاذم كل الأمراض في شابتر الليبد جمعتهم ممكن يفيدوكم مرتبات هكي وموفقين 🤍🤍🫶🏻

-Incidence increase with high blood concentrations of cholesterol, especially with high levels of LDL -Decrease with high HDL

"Some diseases in chapter lipid metabolism " 🔶 A peta lipoprotenemia 🔸 autusomal resesive diseases 🔸 caracterized by fat malabsorption 🔸 results from mutations in the gene encoding the large subunit of MTTP. 🔸 complete absence of plasma apo B–containing lipoproteins, namely CMs, VLDL, and LDL. —————————- 🔶 Lipid Malabsorption (Steatorrhea) 🔸 due to: a defect in pancreatic lipase secretion, bile salt release, or intestinal mucosal cells. 🔸 Symptoms can be reduced by limiting the dietary lipid intake, but this could lead to specific deficiency syndromes due to impaired absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins. —————————- 🔶Dicarboxylic acid urea 🔸 Deficiency in mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenas 🔸 Characterized by excretion of C6-C10 w-dicarboxylic acids and by nonketogenic hypoglycemia —————————- 🔶 Jamaican Vomiting Sickness 🔸 Caused by eating the unripe fruit of akee tree which contains the toxin hypoglycine, that inhibits activity of acyl- CoA dehydrogenase leading to inhibition of b-oxidation and hypoglycemia. —————————- 🔶sphingolipidosis 🔸 inherited disease, causes defect of lysosomal enzymes that degrad sphingolipids 🔸 farber’s disease —->⬇️ ceramidase 🔸 fabry’s disease —->⬇️ alpha galactosidase 🔸Krabb’s disease —->⬇️ beta galactosidase 🔸 Gaucher’s disease —->⬇️ beta glucosidase 🔸metachromatic leukodystrophy disease—->⬇️ acyl sulfatase A 🔸Niemann pick disease —->⬇️ sphingomyelinase 🔸 Tay sachs disease —->⬇️ Hexosaminidase A —————————- 🔶 problems from cholesterol 🔸Obesity and Gall stone, and atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease —————————- 🔶Type 1 Hyperlipidemia 🔸 Elevated blood concentrations of chylomicrons. 🔸 Deficiency in ApoC-II and Deficiency in lipoprotein lipase 🔸 Symptoms:• Plasma triacylglycerol levels > 1000 mg/dL and Eruptive xanthomas and pancreatitis —————————- 🔶 Tangiers Disease and Familial HDL Deficiency 🔸 defects in the gene encoding the ABC1 protein. 🔸 Cholesterol-depleted HDL is rapidly removed from the circulation so plasma HDL levels are 1-5% of normal 🔸 Patients accumulate cholesterol in the lymphoreticular system (hepatomegaly and spleenomegaly). —————————- 🔶 Familial Hypercholesterolemia 🔸 Genetic disease that arises from any one of many mutant alleles for the LDL receptor gene. 🔸 • LDL uptake into cells is defective, which results in cholesterol accumulation in the blood. • Homozygotes: 680 mg/dL (atherosclerosis in childhood) • Heterozygotes: 300 mg/dL (atheroclerosis in middle age) • Healthy Level: 175 mg/d 🔸 Treated with inhibitors of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and Cholestyramine and statin to stop HMG COA reductase —————————- 🔶Lipoprotein a or Lp (a) 🔸Lp (a) is structurally releated to LDL because both lipoproteins possess one molecule of apo B-100 per particle with similar lipid compositions. Unlike LDL, Lp(a) also contains a carbohydrate-rich protein [apo(a)], which is covalently bound to the apo B-100 through a disulfide linkage. 🔸 structurally homologous to plasminogen, the precursor of a blood protease whose target is fibrin, the main protein component of blood clots. 🔸It is hypothesized that ⬆️ Lp(a) slows the breakdown of blood clots that trigger heart attacks because it competes with plasminogen for binding to fibrin. —————————- 🔶 diseases and cholesterol 🔸 cholecystolithiasis (gallstone in the gallbladder), 🔸choledocholithiasis (gallstone in a bile duct. 🔸 Cholelithiasis —-> -Cholesterol-gallstone formation results from an imbalance in cholesterol metabolism, which involves hepatic biosynthesis, intestinal absorption, formation of bile salts, and biliary excretion of cholesterol. -Risk factors: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia. -The solubility of cholesterol in bile depends on the relative proportion of bile salts, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol itself. 🔸 Atherosclerosis —-> -Obstruction of blood vessels due to pathological accumulation of cholesterol

⭕️ Lipid metabolism ⭕️ Amino acid metabolism ⭕️ Integration ⭕️ Bioenergatics ⭕️ Carbohydrates metabolism ⭕️ Hormone

تنوية بسيط 📌 Choline ———> is termed lipotropic factor✅

✅Remember الي ياخد في cholesterol من tissues membrane ويرده للHDL اسمه ATP binding cassette transporter(ABCA1)

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