Agents of UPSC CSE 🚩

~Mrunal Sir

🔹Marxism: Focuses on economic structures, class struggle, and the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. In IR, it emphasizes the inequality between wealthy and poorer nations. Example: Global South countries being economically exploited by more powerful nations through unfair trade agreements. 🔹Postcolonialism: Analyses the effects of colonialism and imperialism on modern international relations. Focuses on the ongoing inequality and marginalisation of formerly colonised nations. Example: The West's continued political and economic influence in the Middle East, often seen as neo-colonialism. 🔹English School: Sees international relations as a "society of states" where states, while sovereign, follow common rules and norms that create some order, even in an anarchic system. Example: Diplomatic protocols & shared international laws, even among rivals. 🔹Neorealism/Neoliberalism: Modern versions of realism and liberalism that focus on the structure of the international system. Neorealism emphasises power dynamics, while neoliberalism stresses the role of institutions in promoting cooperation. Example: Balance of power during the Cold War (Neorealism) and the role of NATO or the World Trade Organisation (Neoliberalism). 🔹Critical Theories: These theories question the assumptions and foundations of mainstream IR theories, focusing on power structures, inequality, and marginalised perspectives. Example: Poststructuralists question the legitimacy of state sovereignty and explore how language shapes power dynamics in international relations.

🤔 What are the key International Relations (IR) theories? Your short guide for basic understanding 👇 🔹Realism: Focuses on power, survival, and national interest. States are the main actors in an anarchic world system where conflict is inevitable. Example: Cold War arms race, where both the US and USSR built up military power to secure their national interests. 🔹Liberalism: Emphasises cooperation between states through international institutions and organizations, promoting peace and mutual benefit. Liberals believe that human nature is inherently good, and global order can improve over time. Example: Formation of the United Nations, promoting diplomacy to prevent wars. 🔹Constructivism: Argues that international relations are shaped by social norms, values, and identities. Reality in IR is not fixed, but constructed by the interactions and beliefs of states and their leaders. Example: Changing perceptions of human rights globally, which have led to shifts in state behaviors and international laws.

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PYQ 2010 India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the Planning Commission as a mega science project under the 11th Five Year Plan. In this context, consider the following statements. 1) Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light. 2) Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay. 3) Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass. 4) Trillions of Neutrinos pass through human body every second.

PYQ 2010 India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the Planning Commission as a mega science project under the 11th Five Year Plan. In this context, consider the following statements. 1) Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light. 2) Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay. 3) Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass. 4) Trillions of Neutrinos pass through human body every second.

PYQ 2010 India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the Planning Commission as a mega science project under the 11th Five Year Plan. In this context, consider the following statements. 1) Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light. 2) Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay. 3) Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass. 4) Trillions of Neutrinos pass through human body every second.

The Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope or KM3NeT is deployed under the Mediterranean Sea to detect high-energy neutrinos , aka ghost particles Why scientists are installing underwater telescopes to detect ‘ghost particles’ | Explained News - The Indian Express https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/underwater-telescopes-neutrinos-9753438/

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