UPSC CSE Why

Pre note: Storms are brewing harder! 🚨 1st March | Saturday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. ISRO Aditya L1 • India’s 1st solar observatory to study the Sun from Lagrange Point 1 (L1) (≈1.5 million km from Earth) 🗓️ 2 Sept 2023 via PSLV-C57 from Sriharikota • Placed in a halo orbit around L1 to enable continuous solar observation Objectives: • Study solar corona, solar wind, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), and their impact on Earth • Monitor magnetic fields & particle flux variations in interplanetary space 2. Auroville ["A Universal Township"] • 🗓️ 28 Feb 1968 near Puducherry by Mirra Alfassa ("The Mother"), spiritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo • Vision: "A place beyond politics, religion, and national boundaries", fostering human unity & spiritual progress • Backed by UNESCO, endorsed by GOI u/ Auroville Foundation Act, 1988 • Key Features - Matrimandir; - No private property - Self-sustaining model 3. Avalanche [Geographical Phenomena] • Many trapped in Avalanche in Mana, UK (known as Last Village of India) • It is sudden, rapid flow of snow, ice, and debris down a mountain or slope • Weather conditions, slope conditions, snowpack conditions, human activity, and natural events contribute to avalanches. 3. Avian influenza A(H5N1) • Chindwara (MP), Market shut down as 3 cats & a bird found +ve to Avian Flu • H5N1 is a subtype of influenza A, classified by surface proteins, with 18 hemagglutinin and 11 neuraminidase subtypes. • Endangered species like California condors, have been severely affected by H5N1 • Human transmission is rare but possible in poultry-endemic regions.

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian express 📰 1. Dressed for Success (The Editorial Page) (GS3: Economy) 2. Mela of Unity and Diversity (The idea page) (GS1: Art & Culture) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. The necessity of mainstreaming wetland conservation (Editorial) (GS3: Climate) 2. The steps that will shape India’s AI ambition (Editorial) (GS3: SnT) PS: Major surprise for all aspirants coming soon, on the CSEWhy App.

Pre note: Storms are brewing harder! 🚨 1st March | Saturday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. ISRO Aditya L1 • India’s 1st solar observatory to study the Sun from Lagrange Point 1 (L1) (≈1.5 million km from Earth) 🗓️ 2 Sept 2023 via PSLV-C57 from Sriharikota • Placed in a halo orbit around L1 to enable continuous solar observation Objectives: • Study solar corona, solar wind, CME (Coronal Mass Ejections), and their impact on Earth • Monitor magnetic fields & particle flux variations in interplanetary space 2. Auroville ["A Universal Township"] • 🗓️ 28 Feb 1968 near Puducherry by Mirra Alfassa ("The Mother"), spiritual collaborator of Sri Aurobindo • Vision: "A place beyond politics, religion, and national boundaries", fostering human unity & spiritual progress • Backed by UNESCO, endorsed by GOI u/ Auroville Foundation Act, 1988 • Key Features - Matrimandir; - No private property - Self-sustaining model 3. Avalanche [Geographical Phenomena] • Many trapped in Avalanche in Mana, UK (known as Last Village of India) • It is sudden, rapid flow of snow, ice, and debris down a mountain or slope • Weather conditions, slope conditions, snowpack conditions, human activity, and natural events contribute to avalanches. 3. Avian influenza A(H5N1) • Chindwara (MP), Market shut down as 3 cats & a bird found +ve to Avian Flu • H5N1 is a subtype of influenza A, classified by surface proteins, with 18 hemagglutinin and 11 neuraminidase subtypes. • Endangered species like California condors, have been severely affected by H5N1 • Human transmission is rare but possible in poultry-endemic regions.

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian express 📰 1. Dressed for Success (The Editorial Page) (GS3: Economy) 2. Mela of Unity and Diversity (The idea page) (GS1: Art & Culture) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. The necessity of mainstreaming wetland conservation (Editorial) (GS3: Climate) 2. The steps that will shape India’s AI ambition (Editorial) (GS3: SnT) PS: Major surprise for all aspirants coming soon, on the CSEWhy App.

Pre note: Notes chahiye ye Motivation? 🚨 28th February  | Friday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. EPFO [Employees' Provident Fund Organisation] • Statutory body under the Ministry of Labour & Employment • 🗓️ 1952 (via the Employees’ Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952) • Governing Body: CBT, chaired by Union Labour Minister 2. Olive Ridley Turtle [Lepidochelys olivacea; Family: Cheloniidae] • Status: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List) • Habitat: Warm tropical waters of Indian, Pacific & Atlantic Oceans • Size & Lifespan: ~60-70 cm long, weighs ~40-50 kg, lives 50+ years • Unique Feature: Mass Nesting (Arribada) • Legal Protection: Schedule I species under India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 3. African Giant Pouched Rats [Cricetomys ansorgei (formerly Cricetomys gambianus)] • Family: Nesomyidae (not true rats, more related to hamsters) • Size: Largest muroid rodent, grows up to 90 cm (incl. tail), weighs 1-1.5 kg • Habitat: Sub-Saharan Africa, prefers forests, savannas, agricultural lands; omniverous • Can sniff out TB in human sputum samples, improving diagnostic efficiency 4. Sheikh Mujibur Rehman [Founding Father, Bangladesh] • Detailed about him dropped from Bangladesh school's Textbooks • Led Six-Point Movement, 1971 War, declared Bangladesh’s independence. • Estd a one-party rule in 1975; later assassinated in a military coup on August 15, 1975 • Hailed as Jatir Pita, Bangabandhu (Friend of Bengal) 5. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Acts • SC upholds arrest under GST Act • GST Bill was introduced in 2014 as the 122nd Amendment Bill • Article 246A – States have power to tax goods and services • Article 279A: GST Council, responsible for making changes in GST-related matters

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian express 📰 1. Rename Najafgarh, Mughal's altered original name (The City, pg-4) (GS3: Modern History) 2. Not a zero sum game (The editorial page) (GS2: Polity) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. A process where free and fair elections will be a casualty (Editorial) (GS2: Governance) 2. The SEC and Hague Service Convention (Text&Context) (GS2: IR and Policies) PS: Sahi planning = Better revision! 80 days solid Revision Planner coming soon on CSEWhy App

Pre note: Sab set hai na? Ya fir ‘kal se pakka’ wali vibe chal rahi hai? 🚨 27th February  | Thursday 🚨

Pre facts

1. ICMR: Cancer-related mortalities have increased faster among women (1.2%-4.4%) than men (1.2%-2.4%) annually

Pre notes 📔

1. Representation of People Act (1950&1951) • RPA, 1950 – Focus on Election Procedures & Voter Eligibility • Deals with: Delimitation of constituencies, allocation of seats, voter qualifications, and preparation of electoral rolls • Delimitation: Based on last Census; latest by Delimitation Commission (2002) as per 1971 Census (freeze till 2026) • RPA, 1951 – Focus on Conduct of Elections & Disqualifications • Regulates: Election conduct, corrupt practices, offences, and disputes • Sections 8-10: Disqualification grounds—conviction, corruption, office of profit, failure to file election expenditure 2. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) • EU’s plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 • Ensures imported goods face same carbon costs as EU-made products • From 01/01/26, EU will impose a carbon tax on steel, aluminium, cement, fertilizer, hydrogen, & electricity imports • A carbon tax is a tax on greenhouse gas emissions, usually based on the carbon content of fossil fuels 3. NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) 🗓1994 by UGC (University Grants ;📍Bengaluru • Objective: Assess & accredit higher education institutions (HEIs) based on quality parameters • Scope: Universities, colleges, autonomous institutions

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian Express 📰 1. Climate of Hostility (Editorial) (GS3: Environment) 2. The power of new Nucelar (The Idea Page) (GS3: Economy) The Hindu 🗞 1. A message to district magistrates and the police (Opinion page) (GS2: Laws) 2. Why are PwDs worried about DPDP rules? (Text&Context) (GS2: Acts and Laws) 3. Coal-fired power plants in India cut rice, wheat yield by up to 10% (Science page) (GS3: Climate) PS: Tayari ka sach pata chalega! All India Test Series coming soon on CSEWhy App!

Pre note: Hey UPSC aspirants! Daily CA time, let’s go! 🚨 26th February  | Wednesday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. Women arrest in BNSS • Ruling: restriction on arresting women at night (Section 46(4) CrPC) is directory, not mandatory • In news: A woman was arrested at 8 PM; challenged in court Safeguards: • No arrest after sunset and before sunrise except in exceptional cases • Prior permission from a woman police officer + magistrate • Male officers shouldn’t touch the woman unless circumstances demand it Why the Provision is Not Mandatory: • “exceptional circumstances” isn’t defined clearly • If it were mandatory, the law would have specified penalties for non-compliance • Courts recognized that rigid adherence may let criminals escape 2. Tropical Year vs Calendar Year • A tropical year is 365.242199 days long • A normal calendar year has 365 days, causing a loss of 0.242199 days annually • Julius Caesar introduced a 4 year cycle where the fourth year had 366 days • This overestimated the year by 11 minutes and 14 seconds, accumulating to 5.1204 days in 400 years • Pope Gregory XIII (1582) corrected this by dropping three days every 400 years • Rule: Century years must be divisible by 400 to be leap years 3. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) • Genetic condition, affects motor neurons that control movement • 5 subtypes of SMA- type 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. classify them based on the age of onset. • Caused by mutations in motor neuron gene (SMN1), results in deficiency in motor neuron protein.

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian express 📰 1. RBI moves to boost credit flow to NBFCs... (Economy page) (GS3: Economy) 2. For the firts time, a genetic disorder... (Explained Page) (GS3: Sc & Tech) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. Human smuggling must engage Parliament’s attention (Editorial) (GS2: Social issues) 2. Should a third language be compulsory? (Text&Context) (GS2: Policies) PS: CSEWhy App par Monthly CA Compilation jaldi aa raha hai, stay tuned!

Pre note: Sirf headlines nahi, samajhna bhi zaroori hai! 🚨 25th February  | Tuesday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. HC ruling Pilot’s rest hours High Court's Ruling: • New norms for pilots' duty & rest, introduced in Jan 2024, were upheld • Duty hours increased from 30 to 48 hours per week • Airlines must submit quarterly fatigue reports • Rederfined "night duty" as 00:00 - 06:00 instead of 00:00 - 05:00 • Consecutive night flying limited to 2 shifts 2. Mesni Zagovezni [‘Meat Abstinence’ in Bulgarian] • Orthodox Christian festival marking the start of fasting from meat • Observed 8 weeks before Easter (Sunday before Cheesefare) • Last day to eat meat before Great Lent 3. Comptroller and Auditor General [CAG] • CAG gave reports on Prevention and Mitigation of Vehicular Air Pollution in Delhi, 2021 • CAG (Article 148), heads the Indian Audit &Accounts Department (IA-AD) • CAG can be removed by the President w/ process same SC judge. • CAG audits the accounts related to the Consolidated Fund of India and state funds.

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian Express 📰 1. Three Low-hanging reforms (The Editorial Page) (GS1: Indian Society) 2. From Bihar to the world (The Editorial Page) (GS3: Agriculture) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. The RTI is now the ‘right to deny information’ (Editorial) (GS2: Laws) 2. Scientists propose tabletop test to check quantumness of gravity (Science page) (GS3: SnT) PS: Padhai ho gayi ya distractions zyada ho rahe hain?

Pre note: This week, start tough! 🚨 24th February | Monday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. HIV Self-Testing in Mizoram • Mizoram has highest HIV prevalence in India • Benefits: - Intact privacy; Easy access • HIV stats in Mizoram - 2.73% of Mizoram's adult population is infected - 13x of national average - High rates among injecting drug users (19.8%) and female sex workers (24.7%) • Impact? - In 6 months, 2.1k youths in Aizawl took HIV tests - 84% were first-time testers - 85% of positive cases in the 18-24 age group proceeded with confirmatory tests and ART 2. Glacier Melting • Melting glaciers have raised 2 cm sea levels this century • Globally, glaciers lost ~5% of their ice since 2000 • Why Sea Levels Are Rising? - Glacial melting; Thermal expansion (causes 1/3rd to half of sea level rise) • IOR sea levels rising at 2.5 mm/year; faster than the global average • Consequences of Rising Sea Levels: Flood risk; Coastal erosion; Stronger storm surges; Displacement risk 3. PM Kissan Samman Nidhi Scheme • 🗓 24 Feb 2019 • Ministry: MoAFW • Objective: Income support to small & marginal farmers Key Features • ₹6,000/yr in 3 equal instalments (₹2,000 each) via DBT • Beneficiaries: All landholding farmers in India • Exclusion: Institutional landholders, income taxpayers, professionals, govt employees & pensioners (>₹10,000 pension) • Funding: 100% by GoI 4. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. • Estd Nov '12 after India ratified the UN Child Rights Convention( 1992) • Special law, to address offences of sexual exploitation & abuse of children (<18yo) • Features: Gender-Neutral Nature, Ease in Reporting Cases, Explicit Definition of Terms. • POCSO Rules 2020 - Interim Compensation and Special Relief to abused child - Can use funds from District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) or Juvenile Justice Act 2015. • 2019, the Department of Justice launched 389 POCSO Fast Track Courts (2018 Amendment Act) 5. AMRSense [Antimicrobial Resistance Sense] •An AI initiative by IIIT-Delhi, CHRI-PATH, Tata 1mg, and ICMR. • Analyzes hospital data to predict antibiotic resistance trends & track changes over time. • AMROrbit Scorecard: Provides a visual representation of resistance trends for hospital

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian express 📰 1. Doing the right thing (Ideas page) (GS2: Laws and policies) 2. Why Microsoft’s of quantum computing can be a breakthrough (Explained page) (GS3: SnT) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. Necessary infusion (Editorial) (GS3: Economy) 2. A new age of imperialism (Opinion) (GS2: Intl Relations) PS: Practice level mocks on CSEWhy App, daily!

Pre note: One Mantra: Daily current affairs = Prelims ka strong base! 🚨 23rd February  | Sunday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. Colossal Buddha head [Ratnagiri, Odisha] • ASI's found Odisha’s largest 1.4m Buddha head, stupas, and ancient tablets. • Ratnagiri (Hills of Jewel) part of Odisha’s Diamond Triangle (Udaygiri & Lalitgiri); lies between Birupa & Brahmani rivers • 5th-13th centuries, Ratnagiri emerged a hub for Mahayana & Tantrayana (Vajrayana) sects of Buddhism. 2. DRDO’s submarine plan under Project 76 • P-76: Warship Design Bureau (Indian Navy) to develop indigenously diesel-electric submarine. • Combination of French tech - Project 75 & German/Spanish expertise from Project 751 (India) 3. CAR-T-cell therapy [Living drugs] • Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy - immunotherapy, uses a patient's immune system to fight cancer. • T cells, a type  white blood cell, extracted from patient's blood via Apheresis. • NexCAR19 (India) is the first CAR-T cell therapy to get CDSCO approval

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫I

The Hindu 🗞️ 1. How glacier ice algae accelerate Greenland ice sheet melting (Science page) (GS3: Sc & Tech) 2. What is India’s dilemma over Fighter jets? (FAQ Page) (GS3: Security) PS: Jo revise karoge, wahi yaad rahega! Spectrum ho ya Laxmikanth, revise from Audiobooks on CSEWhy App par

Pre note: Revision ho raha hai ya bas naye naye topics padh rahe ho? 🚨 22nd February  | Saturday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. Quality of Public Expenditure (QPE) index • Released by RBI, highlighting improvements in govt spending efficiency since 1991. • Includes- Capital Expenditure (Capex): Revenue Expenditure, Development Expenditure, Interest Payments, Subsidies • Revenue/Capex ratio: 8:1 (2000) → 5:1 (2023) • FRBM Act (2003) reduced fiscal deficits, stabilizing debt-to-GDP ratios.

Mains Keywords 🖋️

1. Ex Gratia vs. Compensation • Ex gratia (Latin for “by favour”) is a goodwill payment without legal obligation • Compensation is legally mandated for damages or losses

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫I

Indian Express 📰 1. The missing growth strategy (Ideas page) (GS3: Economy) 2. AIndia (Big Picture) (GS3: SnT) 3. How the government spends (Explained page) (GS3: Economy) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. Judges’ dilemma (Editorial) (GS2: Polity) PS: Koi tricky topic samajh nahi aaya? CSEWhy App par BhAI se puch ke dekho

Pre note: 🚨 22nd February | Saturday 🚨

Mains Keywords 🖋️

1. Ex Gratia vs. Compensation • Ex gratia (Latin for “by favour”) is a goodwill payment without legal obligation • Compensation is legally mandated for damages or losses

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫

Indian express 📰 1. The missing growth strategy (Ideas page) (GS3: Economy) 2. AIndia (Big picture) (GS3: SnT) 3. How the government spends (Explained page) (GS3: Economy) The Hindu 🗞️ PS:

Been talking to a lot of CSEWhy app users these days Yesterday, talked to an aspirant each from Dwarka & Dimapur Two of India's extreme corners, extreme stories!🤯 Blessed to be able to make real impact in real lives. (Checked map to reflect on distance :)) (Download app: app.csewhy.com)

Pre note: Good evening, Doston! 🚨 21st February | Friday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. Majorana 1 [Quantum chip by Microsoft] • IBM Heron & Google's Willow are developed prior to Majorana 1. • Its field of study that uses quantum theory to create computer technology • Qubits can exist in multiple states (0~1) unlike classical bits • Qubit (quantum bit) is the unit of info in quantum computing 2. Sant Shiromani Ravidas [657th Birth Anniversary] • Associated with Bhakti movement; considered an icon of Scheduled Castes (SCs). • Meera Bai, is said to have considered Guru Ravidas as her spiritual Guru. 3. Soil Health Cards [Rajasthan, Completed 10yr] • Informs farmers about their soil's nutrient status, recommends optimal nutrient application. • Soil Health Card 12 parameters: - Macro-nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S). - Micro-nutrients: Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Boron (Bo). - pH level (Acidity or Basicity of soil), Electrical Conductivity 4. GYAN Economic Model • Proposed economic model to leverage youth potential • Key Features: - Tech-driven growth - Investing in human capital - Entrepreneurship ecosystem - Public-Private Partnership (PPP) - Job creation through gig & green economy - Focus on rural industrialization & agri-based entrepreneurship 5. Article 101(4) • States: MP is absent for 60 days w/o permission, their seat may be declared vacant • Amritpal Singh, detained under the NSA, has attendance of 2% in 2024 LS session • 60-day period excludes prorogued or adjourned sessions > 4 days • MPs can seek leave by writing to the 'Committee on Absence of Members’ • Vacancy declaration requires approval of house

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫I

Indian Express 📰 1. Remission without applications (Explained page) (GS2: SC Judgements) 2. Trump’s European turn (Explained page) (GS2: IR) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. Is there a right to take offence? (Opinion) (GS2: Polity) 2. Is consumption enough to drive growth? (Text & Context) (GS3: Economy) PS: The weekend is almost there. What's your revision plan?

Consider the following statements : 1. 21st February is declared to be the International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. 2. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Which of the above statement is/are correct? A) 1 only B) 2 only C) Both 1 & 2 D) Neither 1 or 2

Kitkat has 27 locations on its chocolate wrapper🍫 UPSC asked Qs on 13 of them🤯 All 27 summarized here for your revision Subscribe to CSEWhy blog for FREE with your email: blog.csewhy.com

Last date to apply for UPSC 2025 today till 6pm, act accordingly if not already! :)

Pre note: Prelims are closer than ever. Stay calm. Stay focused. 🚨 20th February | Thursday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. Bhoo Kanoon (Land Laws) [Uttarakhand] • To limit max land purchase of 250 sq. m. • Past Changes- From 500 sq.m (pre-2002) to 250 sq.m (2007), them max capping was removed in 2018. • Right to Own Land in India - Not a Fundamental Right, but a Constitutional Right under Article 300A. - 44th Amendment Act, 1978 removed the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights. - The government can acquire land legally with compensation. - Other ownership laws: Transfer of Property Act (1882), Land Acquisition Act (2013), and Registration Act (1908) 2. Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors Act, 1999 • Allows quick sale of assets seized from fraud • Enacted to protect investors from fraudulent schemes Key Provisions: • Establishments can be held liable for defaulting on promised returns • Guilty individuals face up to 6 YRS imprisonment + ₹1 lakh fine • Govt can attach money & property acquired

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫I

Indian Express 📰 1. India’s Qatar opportunity (Explained page) (GS2: IR) 2. Why global ice sea cover has dipped to record low - what this means (Explained page) (GS3: Climate) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. Manipur’s worsening humanitarian crisis (Editorial) (GS2: Social Justice) 2. Did the iron age on Indian soil start from Tamil Nadu? (Text & Context) (GS1: Ancient History) PS: A lot more resources will be available on CSEWHy app to aid your preparation! Stay tuned for the next update.

Pre note: Kaise ho sab, Taiyari acchi chal rahi hai? 🚨 19th February  | Wednesday 🚨

Pre notes 📔

1. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) • Discussion about Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India & GCC •HQ in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the GCC was estd in 1981 • Union of 6 Gulf region counties — Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and Bahrain • Importance: GCC countries contribute almost 35% of India’s oil imports and 70% of its gas imports 2. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) • Statutory body under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985, under the Min. of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways • NW-1 is the longest (1,620 km), along the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly from Haldia (WB) to Prayagraj (UP). • Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP), Sagarmala Project, Freight Village Development are few govt initiative

@CSEWhy recommendations 🧑‍🏫I

Indian Express 📰 1. New CEC under new law (Explained page) (GS2: Laws) 2. No, you can’t be gulped by a whale (Explained page) (GS3: SnT) The Hindu 🗞️ 1. What is the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine? (Text&Context) (GS2: Polity) 2. Agricultural protectionism pushes up India’s import tariff (Editorial) (GS3: Int Relations) PS: Agar padhna boring lag raha hai, to revision quiz lagao! CSEWhy App mil jayega

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