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Dear All??   Akkam Bultan?? 2016 G _12th entrance examinees!!!   _<<_<____////  ✅ Gorsa  Barattoota kutaa 12ffaa Qormaata Biyyoolessaa Fudhatan natural science:- ❶.yeroo mooraa Yuunivarsiitii seentu irraa kaasee hundi keessan miiraa sodaa keessaa bahuu qabdu. ❷ Lakkoofsa Biilookii, Dormii akkasuma daree qormaataa keessan akka isin jalaa hin  banneef guyyaa jalqaba mooraa seentaan irraa eegalee gurmuun (Hiriyyoota Biilookii, doormii fi daree qormaataa) waliin deemuun adda baafachuu qabdu.  💪 Gochaa kanas hanga guyyaan qormaataa  gahutti irra deddeebiin yoo  raawwattan gaariidha . ❸. Barattoota waliin imaltan  keessaa namni haalli qilleensaa itti jijjiirame yoo jiraate hamilee waliif taatanii wal jabeessuu danda'uu qabdu. ❹.Yeroo daree Qormaataa seentaan... * Odeeffannoo Answer sheet irra jiru sirritti barreessaatii gurraachessaa. 🔺Maqaa keessan hanga akaakayyuutti qubee gurguddaa(Capital letter) barreessuu fi lakkoofsa galmee (registration number) akkasumas odeeffannoo achirra jiru Sirritti barreessuu fi gurraachessuu keessan mirkaaneeffadhaa. 🔺 Addatti registration number, Subject code, Booklet code immoo hundaa olitti Xiyyeeffannoo guddaa barbaada. ❺.Yeroo gaafilee hojjachuu eegaltan:- ➤Yeroo keessanitti sirnaan fayyadamaa(keessaahuu guyyaa jalqabaa;-  yeroo English fi Herrega qoramtan hadaraa) yeroo keetti sirnaan fayyadami. ➤ Osoo hojjachaa jirtuu yoo gaafiin gara jalqabaa jiru sitti ciime gaafii sana mallattoo  ittii gochuun bira darbii gaafilee siif galan hunda hojjadhuu Xumuri, sana booda gara duubaa deebi'ii kan mallattoo itti gootee sana hojjadhu.➤ Filannoo siif dhiyaate keessa tokkoo qofa gurraachesi. ❻. Addattimmoo Barattoonni  shammarranii:- 👇 ⏩ Yeroo gara daree qormaataa seentan dibata isin dafqiisisuu dandahu hin fayyadaminaa, Sababni isaa jiidhaa fiduu Waan dandahuuf, kuni immoo waraqaa deebii isiin jalaa xureessuun tasgabbiin akka hin qoramne isin taasisuu danda'a waan ta'eef . HUB:- 👉  Barattoonni Saayinsii Hawaasaa alada borii ganama subii sa'aa 10:30tti waajjira Bulchiinsa A/DLabuu fuulduratti argamuu hin dagatinaa🌷 ❤❤ Bahaa Galti Keessan Nagaha❤❤ 🌹 Carraa Gaarii Isiniif Hawwa🌹      Hiriyootaaf #share godhi!!              

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📚2016 EUEE MATHEMATICS ONLINE MODEL EXAMINATION ⏰SENE 2016/ JUNE 2024 👍JOIN: @Tmhrt_Minister

Qormaatni Biyyoolessaa Xumura Kutaa 12ffaa Barattoota Saayinsii Hawaasaa Bara 2016 Har'a Jalqabame. ------------ BBO- 03/11/2016 Qormaatni Biyyoolessaa Xumura Kutaa 12ffaa seeraafi naamusa qormaataa haala eeggateen har'a ganama sa'aatii 3:00 irraa qormaatni barnootaa Afaan Ingiliziifi waaree booda Herregaa walduraa duubaan #Waraqaafi '#Online'n kennamuun jalqabameera. Naannoo Oromiyaatti Barattoota Saayinsii Hawaasaa 112,502 qormaataa fudhachaa kan jiran ypo ta'u, dhiirri - 62,501, dubartiin- 50,001 ta'uun beekameera. #CARRAA_GAARII !

Abdii hin kutin ,Garmalee of hin cinqin Kunis ni dabra Guyyaa gaarii !!!

DNA 🧬 DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. The length of the DNA depends on the number of nucleotide pairs present in it. 👉A nucleotide has three components-      🔻A nitrogen base      🔻A pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA)      🔻A phosphoric acid. 👉There are two types of nitrogen bases:      🔸 Purines (Adenine and Guanine)      🔸 Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine)           🔻Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine are common in RNA and DNA.           🔻Uracil is present in RNA, and in DNA in place of Uracil, Thymine is present. 👉 Pentose sugar is ribose in RNA and is Deoxyribose in DNA. 🔹Two nucleotides are joined by 3’-5’ Phosphodiester linkage to form dinucleotide. 🔹More than two nucleotides join to form polynucleotide chain. 🔹The two strands of DNA  (called DNA duplex) are antiparallel and complementary, i.e, one in 5’8l->3’ direction and the other in 3”->5” direction. History of DNA: 🔻 DNA is an acidic substance in the nucleus. 🔻 It was first identified by Friedrich Meischer in 1869. He named it as ‘Nuclein” 🔻In 1953 double helix 🧬 structure of DNA was given by James Watson and Francis Crick, based on X-ray 🩻 diffraction data produced Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. 🧬 DNA Packaging: 🔸The basic unit into which DNA is packed in the chromatin of eukaryotes. ⭐️Nucleosome is the basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of chromatin, which contains nine histone proteins. 🔸Distance between two conjugative base pairs is 0.34nm 🔸The length of DNA is more than the dimension of a typical nucleus (10-6m) DNA Replication: 👉 DNA is the only molecule capable of self duplication so it is termed as a living molecule. 👉 All living beings have the capacity to reproduce because of DNA. 👉 DNA replication takes place in S-phase of the cell cycle. At the time of cell division, it divides in equal parts in the daughter cells. 👉 The process of DNA replication takes a few minutes in prokaryotes and a few hours in eukaryotes. RNA 👉 RNA is the first genetic material. 👉 RNA is a non hereditary nucleic acid except in some viruses (retroviruses). 👉 RNA used to act as a genetic material as well as catalyst. 👉 It is a polymer of ribonucleotide and is made up of pentose ribose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base (A,U,G,C). 👉 RNA may be of two types – genetic and non-genetic

BIO NOTES..... ⭐Mendel’s Law of Inheritance Mendel performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses ❎ and gave three principles of inheritance, these are:       (i) Law of Dominance 💪 The dominant characters are expressed when factors are in heterozygous condition. 🔻The recessive characters are only expressed in homozygous conditions. But not in heterozygous condition.       (ii) 🪧Law of segregation: states that when a pair of contrasting factor or gene is brought together in a hybrid, these factors do not blend or mix up but simply associate themselves and remain together and separate at the time of gamete formation.       (iii) Principle of independent ⚖ assortment states that genes of different characters located📍 in different pairs of chromosomes are independent of one another in this segregation during gamete formation. Some terminologies related to inheritance: 🧬 🔻Cross Test: is a cross between F1 hybrid (Aa) and its homozygous recessive parent (aa). It is called test cross because it helps to find out whether the given dominant 💪 phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous. 🔻Monohybrid cross: is when we consider the inheritance of one character at a time in a cross. 🔻Dihybrid Cross: A cross made to study the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits.        ______ 🔻🔻Exceptions of Mendel🔻🔻 🔥Incomplete Dominance🔥 🔻When neither of the alleles of a character is completely dominant💪 over the other and the F1 hybrid is intermediate between the two parents, the phenomenon is called incomplete dominance. 👉 Incomplete dominance was first discovered by Correns in Mirabilis jalapa. The plant is called as 4’O clock⏰ plant or ‘Gul-e-Bans’.  Homozygous red (RR) flowered 💐 variety of the plant was crossed with white (rr) flowered variety.  F1 offspring had pink flowers (Rr).  This is called incomplete dominance. 🔻Incomplete dominance is also known to occur in snapdragon🪷.  The phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio in F2 generation in case of incomplete dominance is 1:2:1. 🔥Co-dominance🔥 🔻In co-dominance both the gene expressed for a particular character in F1 hybrid progeny. There is no blending of characters, whereas both the characters are expressed equally 🟰 🔻Co-dominance is seen in animals🦫 for coat colour. When a black parent is crossed with white parent, a roan color in F1 progeny is produced. 🔥Sex determination🔥 🔻Fixing the sex of an individual as it begins life is called sex determination. The various genetically controlled sex-determination mechanisms have been classified into following categories 🔻Chromosomal theory of sex determination: The X-chromosome was first observed by German biologist,👨‍🔬 Henking in 1891 during the spermatogenesis in male bug and was described as X-body. The chromosome theory of sex determination was worked out by E.B. Wilson and Stevens (1902-1905). 🔻They named the X and Y chromosomes as sex-chromosomes or allosomes and other 🧬 chromosomes of the cell as autosomes. 🔻Sex chromosomes carry genes for sex determination. X-chromosomes carries female👩 determining genes and Y-chromosomes has male 👨 determining genes. 🔻The number of X and Y chromosomes determines the female or male sex of the individual, Autosomes carry genes 🧬 for the somatic characters. These do not have any relation with the sex. 🔥Sex Determination by chromosomes: Those chromosomes which are involved in the determination of sex of an individual are called sex chromosomes while the other chromosomes are called autosomes. 1) XX – XY type:  In most insects 🪰 including fruit fly Drosophila and mammals including human🧍‍♀ beings the females 👱‍♀ possess two homomorphic sex chromosomes, named XX.  The males 🧔‍♂contain two heteromorphic sex chromosomes, i.e., XY. Hence the males produce two types of gametes / sperms, either with X-chromosome or with Y-chromosome, so they are called Heterogamety.  2) ZZ – ZW type:  In birds 🕊and some reptiles, the males are represented as ZZ (homogamety) and females are ZW (heterogamety).

3)  XX – XO type:  In round worms 🪱 and some insects, the females have two sex chromosomes, XX, while the males have only one sex chromosomes X. There is no second sex chromosome. Therefore, the males are designated as XO.  The females are homogametic because they produce only one type of eggs. 🥚 The males are heterogametic with half the male gametes carrying X-chromosome while the other half being devoid of it.                                 

🔹List of phrasal verb in grade 12 English book with meaning 🔹 Phrasal Verbs in Units 1-10: 📌 Unit 2: *   break down: stop working (e.g., The car broke down.) *   give out: stop working (e.g., The printer gave out.) *   go on: continue (e.g., The meeting went on for hours.) *   look up to: admire (e.g., He looks up to his father.) *   put through: connect (e.g., Please put me through to the manager.) *   keep off: avoid (e.g., Keep off the grass.) *   look back on: remember (e.g., I look back on my childhood fondly.) 📌 Unit 4: *   stick at: persevere with (e.g., He stuck at his studies despite the difficulty.) *   stick around: stay (e.g., Stick around, the party is just getting started.) *   stick down: attach with glue (e.g., Stick down the envelope flap.) *   stick to: adhere to (e.g., Stick to the plan.) *   stick out: be noticeable (e.g., Her bright red hair stuck out in the crowd.) *   stick together: remain united (e.g., We need to stick together as a team.) *   stick up for: defend (e.g., He stuck up for his friend.) *   stick with: continue supporting (e.g., I'll stick with you no matter what.) *   stick by: remain loyal (e.g., She stuck by her husband through thick and thin.) *   stay up: remain awake (e.g., I stayed up late studying.) *   step on: tread on (e.g., Be careful not to step on the flowers.) *   stop off: make a brief stop (e.g., We stopped off for lunch on our way home.) *   stop over: stay somewhere temporarily (e.g., We stopped over in Dubai for a few days.) 📌 Unit 5: *   zip up: close a zipper (e.g., Zip up your jacket, it's cold outside.) *   work up: gradually develop (e.g., I'm working up the courage to ask her out.) *   wrap up: conclude (e.g., Let's wrap up the meeting.) *   work out: exercise (e.g., I work out at the gym three times a week.) *   work out: solve a problem (e.g., I can't work out this math problem.) *   wipe up: clean up a spill (e.g., Wipe up the spilled milk.) *   wipe out: destroy completely (e.g., The earthquake wiped out the entire village.) *   wipe off: clean something by rubbing (e.g., Wipe off the dust from the table.) *   wear out: become unusable from overuse (e.g., My old shoes are worn out.) 📌 Unit 6: *   take up on: accept an offer (e.g., I'll take you up on your offer to help.) *   talk down to: speak condescendingly (e.g., He talks down to his employees.) *   talk into: persuade (e.g., She talked me into going to the party.) *   talk out of: dissuade (e.g., He talked me out of buying the car.) *   talk to: have a conversation (e.g., I need to talk to you about something important.) *   tear down: demolish (e.g., They're tearing down the old building.) *   tear off: remove by pulling (e.g., Tear off a piece of paper.) *   tell apart: distinguish (e.g., I can't tell the twins apart.) *   tell on: inform on someone (e.g., He told on his brother for breaking the vase.) 📌 Unit 8: *   back on: resume (e.g., Let's get back on topic.) *   away from: avoid (e.g., Stay away from that dog, it bites.) *   out of: run out of something (e.g., We're out of milk.) *   forwarded to: send something on to someone else (e.g., The email was forwarded to me.) *   up with: tolerate (e.g., I can't put up with his rudeness any longer.) *   on with: continue (e.g., Let's get on with the work.) *   down on: criticize (e.g., He's always putting me down.) *   get along with: have a good relationship (e.g., I get along well with my coworkers.) *   turn down: reject (e.g., She turned down his marriage proposal.) *   turn around: change direction (e.g., Turn around, we're going the wrong way.) *   turn up: appear (e.g., He turned up late for the meeting.) *   turn in: submit (e.g., Turn in your assignments by Friday.) *   turn off: stop something from operating (e.g., Turn off the lights when you leave.)