Pharm D book s

⭕Management of hyponatremia🔆 ✅The initial goal of therapy for most patients with hyponatremia, based on the most recent European and American consensus guidelines, is to raise the serum sodium concentration by 5 mEq/L.8 ✅ Mild, asymptomatic hyponatremia (>125 mEq/L) can usually be safely managed with a sodium-containing oral rehydration solution or an increase in oral sodium intake, provided that the oral route is viable (ie, vomiting and diarrhea are controlled, evidence of functional gastrointestinal [GI] tract). ✅ IV sodium therapy is preferred in severe cases of hyponatremia or in patients with severe symptoms. In most cases, sodium chloride 0.9% is used, although the recent guidelines recommend using NaCl 3.0% in symptomatic patients. ✅ If a hypertonic saline solution (eg, ≥NaCl 3.0%) is used, it must be infused via a central venous catheter because of its high osmolarity. ✅The initial goal for treating acute hyponatremia is to prevent further decline in serum sodium concentration, reverse or prevent neurologic symptoms, and avoid excessive correction of serum sodium in patients at risk for osmotic demyelination syndrome. ✅ In patients with sodium concentration >120 mEq/L with no or mild symptoms, acute correction of serum sodium concentration may not be warranted. ✅ In symptomatic patients with serum sodium concentration <120 mEq, increase serum sodium by up to 4 to 6 mEq/L within 24 hours of baseline or until symptoms improve. ✅The risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome has been reported after correction by 9 mEq/L per day. ✅ Neurologic deficits would improve with this target rate of change in serum sodium concentration. ✅The average rate of increase in serum sodium should not exceed 1 to 2 mEq/L/hr and a total of 9 mEq/L in any given 24-hour period. ✅Excessive correction of serum sodium concentration during the course of treatment, and not just the first or second day, may result in osmotic demyelination syndrome. There is no evidence that the first day’s correction should be greater than on other days. There is no evidence that correction of serum sodium by >10 mEq/L in 24 h or 18 mEq/L in 48 hours improves outcomes in patients with acute or chronic hyponatremia..

Netter's Infectious Diseases 2nd ed 2022

Netter's Infectious Diseases 2nd ed 2022

🩺Advances in the management of chronic kidney disease 🫘

Antimicrobial Guidelines 2024

Antimicrobial Guidelines 2024

ASA 2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack.pdf 💢Pharm D book s💢 🔆This is the Official Telegram Channel for STUDY  Clinical pharmacy 🔆Another Channel:https://t.me/WikipharmaDr 🔰Join https://t.me/Clinical_Pharmacy_Study

2024 ACOG First and Second Stage Labor Management.pdf 💢Pharm D book s💢 🔆This is the Official Telegram Channel for STUDY Clinical pharmacy 🔆Another Channel:https://t.me/WikipharmaDr 🔰Join https://t.me/Clinical_Pharmacy_Study