Easing UPSC

70-80 percent

70-80 percent

What is G20 Common Framework? The Common Framework for debt treatment beyond the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) is an initiative endorsed by the G20 in 2020, together with the Paris Club, to support, in a structural manner, Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt. The framework is aimed at providing a coordinated and comprehensive approach to addressing the debt vulnerabilities of low-income countries (LICs) that are facing the most severe debt challenges, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Note: DRGR Project is a collaboration between the Boston University Global Development Policy Center, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung and the Centre for Sustainable Finance at SOAS University of London.

Encouraging Foreign Capital: The Government has permitted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 100% under the automatic route in the renewable energy sector. Encouraging Renewable energy: The Government has waived inter-state Transmission System (ISTS) charges for inter-State sale of solar and wind power for projects. Making provisions for Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and setting up Renewable Energy parks Announcement of the National Hydrogen Mission. India’s Nationally Determined Contribution: Under the Paris Agreement which was adopted by signatory countries in 2015, India had submitted Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) with quantified targets. To reduce the emissions intensity of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 33-35% till 2030 from the levels in 2005, To achieve about 40% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.

Green Finance Ecosystem refers to the financial system that supports and enables investments in environmentally sustainable projects and activities. It includes a range of financial products, such as green bonds, green loans, green insurance, and green funds, that are designed to promote environmentally friendly practices and projects. The green finance ecosystem aims to create a financial system that supports the transition to a low-carbon, resource-efficient, and sustainable economy, while also addressing the risks and opportunities associated with environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.

Retail Inflation: Retail inflation, also known as Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation, is the rate at which the prices of goods and services that consumers buy for personal use increase over time. It measures the change in the cost of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by households, including food, clothing, housing, transportation, and medical care. Four types of CPI are as follows: CPI for Industrial Workers (IW). CPI for Agricultural Labourer (AL). CPI for Rural Labourer (RL). CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees (UNME). Of these, the first three are compiled by the Labour Bureau in the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Fourth is compiled by the NSO in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Base Year for CPI is 2012. In 2020, the Ministry of Labour and Employment released the new series of Consumer Price Index for Industrial Worker (CPI-IW) with base year 2016. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) uses CPI data to control inflation. In April 2014, the RBI adopted the CPI as its key measure of inflation.

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About: India has a rich mineral resource base, with large deposits of iron ore, coal, bauxite, Manganese, copper, gold, zinc, lead, and other minerals. The mining sector is a significant contributor to the Indian economy, accounting for around 2.5% of India's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and providing employment to millions of people. Statistics: Coal production in India stood at 777.31 million tonnes (MT) in FY 2021-22 with a growth of 8.55%. India is the world's 2nd largest coal producer as of 2021. Mineral Production in India in FY22 is estimated to be Rs. 190,392 crore (USD 24.95 billion). India ranks 4th globally in terms of iron ore production. Production of iron ore in FY21 stood at 204.48 MT. The combined production (primary and secondary) of aluminum in India stood at 4.1 MT per annum in FY21, making it the world's 2nd producer of aluminum.

What are Government Initiatives Related to Mining? National Mineral Policy 2019: It aims to increase mineral exploration and production, promote sustainable mining practices, and streamline regulatory processes. Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY): It is a welfare scheme for mining-affected areas, and the Sagarmala project, which aims to develop port infrastructure to support the growth of the mining sector.

Manganese It is a hard, silvery-grey metal that is commonly found in the Earth's crust, and it is the twelfth most abundant element in the crust. Manganese is an essential nutrient for humans, animals, and plants. It is required for the metabolism of carbohydrates, cholesterol, and amino acids. Manganese is used in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of steel, aluminum alloys, and batteries. Manganese is an important raw material for smelting iron ore and also used for manufacturing ferro alloys. Manganese deposits are found in almost all geological formations. However, it is mainly associated with Dharwar system. Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese. Major mines in Odisha are located in the central part of the iron ore belt of India, particularly in Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir.

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What is the Scenario of the Livestock Sector in India? The livestock sector grew at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 7.9 % during 2014-15 to 2020- 21 (at constant prices), and its contribution to total agriculture GVA (Gross value added) has increased from 24.3 % in 2014-15 to 30.1 % in 2020-21. Dairy is the single-largest agri commodity in India. It contributes 5% to the national economy and employs 80 million dairy farmers directly. What are the Initiatives Related to Livestock Sector? Rashtriya Gokul Mission Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) National Animal Disease Control Programme National Artificial Insemination Programme National Livestock Mission

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Chronology of important event 1927-1931 : 1. Formation of Simon commission - Nov 1927 2. "Delhi Proposal" in INC session - Dec 1927 3. Simon commission came to India - Feb 1928 4. Nehru Report:Aug 1928 5. Death of Lala Lajpat Rai ji -Nov 1928 6. Lahore conspiracy case: Dec 1928 7. Jinnah 14 point proposal -March 1929 8. Central assembly bombing - April 1929 9. Irwin declaration -Oct 1929 10. "Delhi Statement" - Nov 1929 11. Landmark Lahore session - Dec 1929 12. First independence day - 26 January 1930 13. Gandhi's 11 point ultimatum - Jan 1930 14. Dandi March:March 1930 (start of CDM) 15. Simon report published: May 1930 16. First round table conference: Nov 1930- jan 1931 17. Gandhi Irwin pact: March 1931 18. Hanging of Bhagat Singh, sukhdev, rajguru:March 1931 ( Martyr's day) 19. Landmark Karachi session - March 1931

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