UPSC Prelims Mains Notes

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🔖Keeladi ✔️Researchers from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences reconstructed past climate records of peninsular India ✔️Study based on sediment analysis of Kondagai Inland Lake, located close to Keeladi in Tamil Nadu ✔️Situated ~12 km southeast of Madurai, Tamil Nadu ✔️Located in Sivaganga district ✔️Bounded by the Vaigai River to the north ✔️Internationally known for evidence of a sophisticated Sangam-period urban civilisation 🔖Keeladi is Important ✔️Reveals advanced urban planning, literacy, craft production, and trade during the Sangam age ✔️Challenges earlier assumptions about early urbanisation being limited to North India ✔️Strengthens the case for an indigenous, secular, and literate Tamil civilisation 🔖Key Findings of the Climate Study ✔️Identified three major climatic phases during the Late Holocene period ✔️Clear links established between: • Monsoon variability • Lake hydrology • Human settlement and activity in the Vaigai basin 🔖Significance of the Findings ✔️Helps reconstruct long-term monsoon patterns in peninsular India ✔️Useful for: • Improved weather and climate forecasting • Disaster vulnerability mapping • Wetland and lake restoration strategies • Understanding climate–civilisation interactions.

✅INDIA’S RIVER INTERLINKING: INVASIVE SPECIES ‘HIGHWAYS’ ✔️The National River-Linking Project (NRLP) is an ambitious plan to connect 37 major river basins across India. ✔️The project aims to redistribute around 174 billion cubic metres of water from “surplus” to “deficit” basins while potentially generating 34,000 MW of power. ✔️A recent study warns that connecting isolated river basins could create “ecological highways” for invasive alien species and aquatic pathogens. 📚Invasive Species Threat ✔️Many river basins currently have isolated ecosystems, allowing unique native species to evolve with limited competition. ✔️River interlinking could allow invasive alien species to move into new, ecologically sensitive areas. ✔️The Lower Ganga basin already hosts around 13–15 invasive alien species and could become a major source of invasives for the Mahanadi basin. ✔️Northeast and peninsular Indian river basins were found to be more vulnerable to biological invasions than those in Central and North India. ✔️The Western Ghats, Kaveri, Krishna, Lower Ganga and Brahmaputra support diverse habitats with numerous ecological niches and native species. 📚Threat to Biodiversity & Aquatic Ecosystems ✔️River connections may introduce new competitors that threaten endemic and native species. ✔️Aquatic pathogens could spread between previously isolated fish populations, potentially affecting downstream biodiversity. ✔️Species adapted to pathogens in one river basin may not have immunity to pathogens introduced from another basin. ✔️Such biological invasions could ultimately flatten the unique biota of individual river basins. 📌Other Ecological Concerns ✔️Transferring water between basins can alter downstream flows, sediment transport, floodplains, deltas and habitats dependent on natural river regimes. ✔️Dams, reservoirs and canals can fragment river ecosystems and disrupt fish migration and other ecological processes. ✔️Large water transfers may reduce river flows and alter sediment production and transport. ✅Way Forward ✔️River interlinking projects should incorporate basin-level ecological impact assessments before implementation. ✔️India needs specific national policies to regulate, manage and control invasive alien species. ✔️Evidence-based river-basin management should become part of national infrastructure planning. ✔️Water-deficit solutions should balance water security with biodiversity, wildlife, livelihoods, fisheries and ecological flows.

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