UPSC Materials Notes

*📊 *Economic Survey 2025-26* India transitions towards a high-growth and resilient economy* *Key Takeaways* 📈 *Real GDP growth for FY27 projected in the range of 6.8-7.2%* ❄️ *Inflation* fell to historic lows, averaging *1.7% in Apr-Dec 2025* 🏭 *All major sectors contributed to growth* , with manufacturing gaining momentum, and services leading expansion 🌍 *Record exports of USD 825.3 billion in FY25* , registering a 6.1% year-on-year growth 💰*Fiscal position strengthened* , with improved revenue buoyancy and rising capital expenditure 📊Monetary conditions supportive; *Repo rate at 5.25% in December 2025*

*🛡️Mineral and Energy Resources – Key Points* *♟️Mineral resources*- Metallic & Non-metallic *♟️Metallic*- Ferrous (iron ore) & Non-ferrous (copper) *♟️Non-metallic*- Organic (coal, petroleum) & Inorganic (mica, limestone) *♟️Exploration by*- GSI, IBM, & State Departments *💎Mineral Belts in India* *♟️1. North-Eastern*- iron ore, coal, bauxite *♟️2. South-Western*- ferrous metals, bauxite *♟️3. North-Western*- copper, building stones *♟️Odisha*- largest iron ore & bauxite producer *♟️Madhya Pradesh & Odisha*- major manganese producers *♟️Andhra Pradesh*- largest mica producer *♟️Jharkhand*- highest coal reserves *♟️Chhattisgarh*- top coal producer *♟️Rajasthan*- top petroleum producer *♟️Uranium & Thorium*- vital for nuclear energy *♟️Renewables*- solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas

*🛡️Dead Sea* ♟️The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel. ♟️It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee. ♟️It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River. ♟️It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world. ♟️To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East. ♟️It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature. ♟️ *Salinity* The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%. ♟️It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal. ♟️The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation. ♟️The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms. ♟️It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.

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*🛡️Pacific Ocean* *💎Warm Currents:-* ♟️1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current) ♟️2. North Equatorial Current ♟️3. South Equatorial Current ♟️4. East Australian Current ♟️5. Equatorial Counter Current ♟️6. Alaskan Current *💎Cold Currents:-* ♟️1. Oyashio Current ♟️2. California Current ♟️3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current) ♟️4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current).

*🛡️Major Wildlife Institutes* ♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre – Kolkata ♟️Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bengaluru ♟️Indian Institute of Forest Management – Bhopal ♟️Govind Ballabh Pant Institute – Almora (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Forest College – Dehradun (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Forest Survey Centre – Dehradun (Uttarakhand) ♟️Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment – New Delhi ♟️Indian Forest Ranger College – Dehradun ♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun ♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre Kolkata ♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun ♟️Indian Botanical Garden – Kolkata ♟️Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) – Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) ♟️National Environmental Research Institute – Nagpur ♟️Rainforest Research Institute – Jorhat ♟️Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Institute - Coimbatore ♟️Forest Productivity Centre – Ranchi ♟️Central Avian Research Institute - Izzatnagar, Bareilly. 

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*President* 🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha. 🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election. 🔸His removal from office is to be in accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution. 🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. 🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session.

*🛡️ August Offer Vs. Cripps Mission* *💎Time Period* *♟️August Offer* August 1940 *♟️Cripps Mission* March 1942 *💎Viceroy at the Time* *♟️August Offer* Lord Linlithgow *♟️Cripps Mission* Lord Linlithgow *💎Context/Reasons for Proposal* *♟️August Offer* Britain’s precarious situation in WWII and the need for Indian support. *♟️Cripps Mission* Japanese advances in Southeast Asia heightened the need for Indian cooperation in the war effort. *💎Main Proposals* *♟️August Offer* Dominion status as the long-term goal; expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council; promise of a post-war constituent assembly. *♟️Cripps Mission* Dominion status with the right to secede from the Commonwealth; a constituent assembly after the war to decide the constitution; provision for any province to opt out of the Indian Union. *💎Shortcomings Highlighted by Indians* *♟️August Offer* Vague promises; no immediate transfer of power; retention of British control over defense; no clear path to full independence. *♟️Cripps Mission* Dominion status instead of full independence; allowed provinces to secede, potentially leading to partition; no immediate transfer of power; British control over defense continued. *💎Reaction of Indian Political Parties* *♟️August Offer* Rejected by the Congress; welcomed by some other groups for its promise of eventual self-rule. *♟️Cripps Mission* Rejected by Congress and Muslim League; Congress criticized the lack of immediate power transfer and the provision for dominion status; Muslim League was dissatisfied with the lack of a clear commitment to Pakistan. *💎Outcome/Result* *♟️August Offer* Rejected by Indian National Congress; led to increased demand for complete independence. *♟️Cripps Mission* Failure; led to the Congress launching the Quit India Movement in August 1942. *💎Impact on Indian National Movement* *♟️August Offer* Strengthened Indian resolve for complete independence; highlighted the limitations of British promises. *♟️Cripps Mission* Intensified Indian demand for complete independence; demonstrated the unyielding nature of British policy; precipitated the Quit India Movement.

*🛡️Tropical Mansoon Climate* *💎Distribution* ♟️Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale. ♟️These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter. ♟️Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china. *💎Climatic Conditions* ♟️In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated. ♟️A low pressure is set up in Central asia. ♟️At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created. ♟️Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent. *💎Seasons Of Tropical Mansoon Climate* ♟️Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb ) ♟️Hot dry season. ( March to mid june ) ♟️Rainy season ( mid - june to September)

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*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment* ♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971 ♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973 ♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987 ♟️Vienna Convention - 1988 ♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992 ♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992 ♟️Basel Convention - 1989 ♟️Rio Summit - 1992 ♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000 ♟️UN-REDD - 2008 ♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010 ♟️Minamata Convention - 2013 ♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994 ♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997 ♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998