KPSC sUTRAS

BASAVANNA DECLARED CULTURAL ICON OF KARNATAKA Basavanna was born in 1105 CE in the town of Bagewadi in present-day Karnataka, India. His family belonged to the Brahmin community, and he received an education in Sanskrit and sacred texts. Basavanna, also known as Basaveshwara, made significant contributions to various aspects of society, philosophy, and culture during the 12th century in Karnataka, India. His teachings and initiatives continue to influence the socio-religious fabric of the region. Formation of Lingayat Sect: Basavanna played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Lingayat sect, also known as Virashaivism. This sect rejects the caste system and emphasizes devotion to Lord Shiva as the universal god. Lingayats follow the teachings of Basavanna and consider him one of their founding saints Advocacy for Social Equality: One of Basavanna's primary contributions was his strong opposition to the caste system. He advocated for social equality, emphasizing that one's worth should be based on individual qualities and not on birth. Basavanna actively worked towards breaking down social barriers and promoting a society where people from all backgrounds could come together in devotion Anubhava Mantapa (The Hall of Spiritual Experience): Basavanna, along with his contemporaries, established the Anubhava Mantapa, a platform for intellectual and spiritual discussions. It served as a center for promoting social justice, equality, and religious tolerance. The Anubhava Mantapa became a space where individuals from various castes and backgrounds could engage in open dialogue and discuss spiritual and philosophical ideas Vachana Literature: Basavanna's teachings are encapsulated in the form of Vachanas, a unique genre of Kannada poetry. These Vachanas are characterized by their simplicity, directness, and accessibility to people from all walks of life. Through the Vachanas, Basavanna conveyed his philosophical ideas, devotion to Lord Shiva, and messages of social justice and equality Ishtalinga Worship: Basavanna introduced the concept of Ishtalinga, an abstract form of Shiva, to be worn on the body as a symbol of divine presence. Ishtalinga worship became a central tenet of Lingayatism, emphasizing a personal connection with the divine. This form of worship promoted the idea that everyone, irrespective of caste or social status, could have a direct and unmediated relationship with God Women Empowerment: Basavanna spoke out against the mistreatment of women and advocated for their empowerment. He emphasized gender equality and the importance of treating women with respect and dignity. Basavanna's teachings laid the foundation for a more inclusive and egalitarian approach towards women in society Political Contributions: Basavanna served as the Chief Minister (Rajacharya) in the court of Kalachuri King Bijjala II. During his tenure, he implemented policies aimed at social justice and the welfare of the marginalized. His political influence was directed towards creating an environment of fairness and equity, aligning with his philosophical principles. Literary Legacy: The Basava Purana, written by the 13th-century poet Pampa, narrates the life and teachings of Basavanna. This literary work serves as a valuable source for understanding his contributions and the impact of his philosophy "Kayaka" in the context of Basavanna's teachings refers to the concept of righteous and selfless work or labor. Basavanna emphasized the importance of "Kayaka" as a means of spiritual practice and a way to serve society. The concept of "Kayaka" is an integral part of Lingayat philosophy, promoting the idea that individuals should engage in productive work with a sense of dedication, humility, and devotion to the divine.

India's Solar Power Achievement: • In 2023, India became the world’s third-largest solar power producer, surpassing Japan by generating 113 billion units (BU) compared to Japan’s 110 BU. • India climbed from ninth place in 2015 to achieve this milestone, with solar energy contributing 5.8% to its total electricity production. • Globally, solar energy grew by 5.5% in 2023, with top countries like China, the United States, Brazil, and India driving 75% of this growth. • Solar power is rapidly expanding globally, outpacing coal in new electricity additions by over twofold in 2023, and India saw a seventeen-fold increase in solar generation from 2015 to 2023. • Solar energy is projected to play a key role in decarbonizing electricity, with forecasts indicating a rise to 22% of global electricity generation by 2030. • India aims to triple its renewable capacity by 2030, but surpassing the United States in solar production would require a substantial increase in capacity. • Clean electricity production is crucial for reducing carbon emissions, meeting rising energy demand, and decoupling economic growth from emissions.

REVOLT OF 1857 • Major uprising against British rule • Started as a mutiny in Meerut by sepoys • Spread to upper Gangetic plain and central India Immediate Cause • Introduction of Enfield rifle with greased cartridges • Rumors of cartridges greased with pig & cow fat • Religious concerns of soldiers Causes of Revolt • Political, economic, administrative, socio-religious, military factors • Negative impacts of British policies on society Reasons for Failure : Lack of coordination, British military strength, internal divisions, communication issues, limited support, strategic errors, lack of modern weaponry/training, British exploitation Impact of Revolt : End of East India Company rule, direct British rule, Indian Civil Service creation, rise in nationalism, cultural revival, army reorganization