Facts & Quotes™💡

​​What is the difference between Earthing and Grounding? Earthing and grounding are similar terms. Still, these are having many differences. • Earthing means connecting the dead part (it means the part which does not carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example electrical equipment’s frames, enclosures, supports etc. • The purpose of earthing is to minimize risk of receiving an electric shock if touching metal parts when a fault is present. Generally green wire is used for this as a nomenclature. • Under fault conditions the non-current carrying metal parts of an electrical installation such as frames, enclosures, supports, fencing etc. may attain high potential with respect to ground so that any person or stray animal touching these or approaching these will be subjected to potential difference which may result in the flow of a current through the body of the person or the animal of such a value as may prove fatal. • To avoid this non-current carrying metal parts of the electrical system are connected to the general mass of earth by means of an earthing system comprising of earth conductors to conduct the fault currents safely to the ground. • Earthing has been accomplished through bonding of a metallic system to earth. It is normally achieved by inserting ground rods or other electrodes deep inside earth. • Earthing is to ensure safety or Protection of electrical equipment and Human by discharging the electrical energy to the earth. • Grounding means connecting the live part (it means the part which carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example neutral of power transformer. • Grounding is done for the protections of power system equipment and to provide an effective return path from the machine to the power source. For example grounding of neutral point of a star connected transformer. • Grounding refers the current carrying part of the system such as neutral (of the transformer or generator). • Because of lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with other high voltage lines, dangerously high voltages can develop in the electrical distribution system wires. Grounding provides a safe, alternate path around the electrical system of your house thus minimizing damage from such occurrences. • Generally Black wire is used for this as a nomenclature. • All electrical/electronic circuits (AC & DC) need a reference potential (zero volts) which is called ground in order to make possible the current flow from generator to load. Ground is May or May not be earthed. In Electrical Power distribution it is either earthed at distribution Point or at Consumer end but it is not earthed in Automobile( for instance all vehicles’ electrical circuits have ground connected to the chassis and metallic body that are insulated from earth through tires). There may exist a neutral to ground voltage due to voltage drop in the wiring, thus neutral does not necessarily have to be at ground potential. • In a properly balanced system, the phase currents balance each other, so that the total neutral current is also zero. For individual systems, this is not completely possible, but we strive to come close in aggregate. This balancing allows maximum efficiency of the distribution transformer’s secondary winding.

The soil in Africa's Congo Basin peatland contains 30 billion metric tons of carbon, or 20 years worth of U.S. fossil fuel emissions. #knowledge

Life is confusing as a child because you don’t know what is going on. Life is confusing as an adult because you do know what’s going on. #thoughts

There's no scientific evidence confirming that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. #knowledge

Romantic Love Eventually Ends…Only To Be Followed By Committed Love. #love

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“Don't let life discourage you; everyone who got where he is had to begin where he was.” - Richard L. Evans #quotes

​​What is Spectrum Auction? The word spectrum in this context refers to a range of radio-waves that are used for communication purposes. This includes the FM or AM radio broadcasts that you listen to on the way to work, and even other wireless forms of communication like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The smartphone you're using also uses these same radio waves to transmit data, and the difference really lies in the specific frequencies in use, and of course, the technology used to convert those waves into something useful (whether that's the voice on the radio, the SMS you read, or the webpage you load). The one characteristic you need to understand about spectrum is frequency - that's the number of repetitions of the wave you see in a second. You can easily understand this from the image below - the top-most wave is low-frequency, and so it repeats slowly. In the time that it makes three repetitions, the bottom-most (high-frequency) wave repeats 10 times. The high-frequency wave has obviously traveled a lot further in the same amount of time, but in a straight line, they've both gone as far - so the high frequency wave needs much more energy to travel the same distance. On the other hand, in the space it takes for three pieces of data in the first wave, you can fit 10 in the second, so you can pack more information into high-frequencies, in the same amount of time. So spectrum refers to the waves that are there all around us at all times, passing through everything and this means that it needs to be regulated. If any one could broadcast signals at any frequency, there would be total chaos, and it would lead to a lot of interference, effectively rendering the spectrum useless for any kind of meaningful communication. In a nutshell Spectrum is just the continuum of different frequencies that you can generate electromagnetic waves at, from a few kilohertz to a terahertz or more. The reason it's a scarce resource that needs to be managed and can be auctioned is that to send data at a certain rate, you need a range of spectrum of a certain minimum width, a.k.a. bandwidth. And all the transmitters in a particular area need to be using different, non-overlapping ranges of spectrum or there'll be interference. So there's a maximum amount of data that can be sent.

In 2013, researchers found that Coldplay was one of the safest bands to listen to while driving. #knowledge

When Helium is cooled to almost absolute zero (-460°F or -273°C, the lowest temperature possible), it becomes a liquid with surprising properties: it flows against gravity and will start running up and over the lip of a glass container! #science

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It doesn't matter where you are coming from. All that matters is where you are going. #tips

Children of the Moken tribe in Thailand learn to constrict their pupils while swimming, giving them perfect vision underwater They can change the lens shape of their eyes (similar to dolphins and seals) and use this skill to hunt for fish, clams, etc. #countries

Wait 24 hours before getting mad and reacting. If it doesn't bother you in 24 hours, it probably isn't important enough to get mad over. #tips

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Biting your tongue while eating is a perfect example of how you can still screw up, even with decades of experience. #thoughts

The lowest note in the known universe is the rumbling of a black hole in the Perseus Cluster, about two hundred fifty million light-years away from us Astronomers estimate the note to be a "B flat," about fifty-seven octaves below middle C. #space

Every time you learn a new fact, your brain changes. #science

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​​Why do Old Books turn yellow? Paper is made out of wood pulp which contains cellulose. Another organic substance binding the cells, fibers and vessels that constitute wood, is LIGNIN. Apparently, it is the most abundant renewable carbon source after cellulose. Cellulose, a colourless substance, is remarkably good at reflecting light, which means we see it as being white. To make a fine white paper (Bond paper), the wood pulp is put through a chemical process which separates and eliminates the lignin. This is why paper is usually white. However, when paper is manufactured, some lignin also ends up in it. Paper used as newsprint needs to be economical, and so ends up containing more lignin than other papers. Brown paper and cardboard used for packing purposes and as paper bags are stiff and strong because they also contain more lignin in them. Paper is made from these components that yellow over time — at least when they're exposed to oxygen. But when lignin is exposed to light and the surrounding air, its molecular structure changes. Lignin is a polymer, meaning it's built from batches of the same molecular unit bonded together. In the case of lignin, those repeating units are alcohols consisting of oxygen and hydrogen with a smattering of carbon atoms thrown in. Lignin, and in part cellulose, is susceptible to oxidation meaning it readily picks up extra oxygen molecules, and those molecules alter the polymer's structure. The added oxygen molecules break the bonds that hold those alcohol subunits together, creating molecular regions called chromophores which reflect certain wavelengths of light that our eyes perceive as colour. In the case of lignin oxidation, that colour is yellow or brown. So after oxidation we see paper as yellow or brown sheets.