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Answers of today's IT questions: 1)A Flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing process or program in various fields. It is like a blueprint, in that it shows the general plan, architecture, and essential details of the proposed structure. It is an essential tool for programming and it illustrates the strategy and thread of logic followed in the program. It allows the programmer to compare different approaches and alternatives on paper and often shows interrelationships that are not immediately apparent.

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Dont forget to revise yesterday's questions. Just go through the questions and if you remember their answers , it's well and good .. or else take 10 minutes to go through those questions and answers also .

Today's IT questions : 1)Define flowchart and it's types 2)Explain BPR 3)Define twisted pair wire 4)Advantages and limitations of star network 5)Define -Internet application -Business use of internet -Benefits of E-commerce

5) Network Interface Card (NIC): Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network. It has additional memory for buffering incoming and outgoing data packets, thus improving the network throughput. • Modems: A MODEM is a device that converts a digital computer signal into an analog telephone signal (i.e. it modulates the signal) and converts an analog telephone signal into a digital computer signal (i.e. it demodulates the signal) in a data communication system. The word "modem" is a contraction of modulate and demodulate. Modems are required to send computer data with ordinary telephone lines because computer data is in digital form but telephone lines are analog. • Multiplexers: A multiplexer is a communications processor that allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals. Typically, a multiplexer merges the transmissions of several terminals at one end of a communications channel, while a similar unit separates the i ndividual transmissions at the receiving end. • Switch - Switch is a communications processor that makes connections between telecommunications circuits in a network so that a telecommunications message can reach its intended destination. • Router – Router is a communications processor that interconnects networks based on different rules or protocols, so that a telecommunications message can be routed to its destination. • Hub – Hub is a port-switching communications processor. This allows for the sharing of the network resources such as servers, LAN workstations, printers, etc. • Bridge – Bridge is a communications processor that connects numerous Local Area Networks (LANs). It magnifies the data transmission signal while passing data from one LAN to another. • Repeater – Repeater is a communications processor that boosts or amplifies the signal before passing it to the next section of cable in a network. • Gateway – Gateway is a communications processor that connects networks that use different communication architectures.

4)The task of a Security Administration in an organization is to conduct a security program which is a series of ongoing, regular and periodic review of controls exercised to ensure safeguarding of assets and maintenance of data integrity. Security programs involve the following eight steps – (i) Preparing project plan for enforcing security: The project plan components are at first outlining the objectives of the review followed by in sequence determining the scope of the review and tasks to be accomplished, assigning tasks to the project team after organizing it, preparing resources budget which will be determined by the volume and complexity of the review and fixing a target / schedule for task completion. (ii) Asset identification: Assets which need to be s afeguarded can be identified and subdivided into Personnel, Hardware, Facilities, Documentation, Supplies, Data, Application Software and System Software. (iii) Asset valuation: This step of valuation of assets can pose a difficulty. The process of valuation can differ depending on who is asked to render the valuation, the way in which the asset can be lost and the period for which it is lost and how old is the asset. Valuation of physical assets cannot be considered apart from the valuation of the logical assets. For example, the replacement value of the contents in a micro computer’s hard disk may be several times more than the replacement value of the disk itself. (iv) Threat identification: The source of a threat can be external or internal and the nature of a t hreat can be accidental / n on-deliberate or deliberate. The example of a n on- deliberate external threat is an act of God, non-deliberate internal threat is pollution, deliberate external threat is hackers, and deliberate internal threat is employees. (v) Threats probability of occurrence assessment: This step is an assessment of the probability of occurrence of threats over a given time period. This exercise is not so difficult if prior period statistical data is available. If however, prior period data is not available, it has to be elicited from the associated stakeholders like end users (furnishing the data aspect) and the management (furnishing the control aspect). (vi) Exposure analysis: This step is the Exposures Analysis by first identifying the controls in the place, secondly assessing the reliability of the existing controls, thirdly evaluating the probability that a threat can be successful and lastly assessing the resulting loss if the threat is successful. For each asset and each threat the expected loss can be estimated as the product of the probability of th reat occurrence, probability of control failure and the resulting loss if the threat is successful. (vii) Controls adjustment: The involves the adjustment of controls which means whether over some time period any control can be designed, implemented and operated such that the cost of control is lower than the reduction in the expected losses. The reduction in the expected losses is the difference between expected losses with the (i) existing set of controls and (ii) improved set of controls. (viii) Report generation outlining the levels of security to be provided for individual systems, end user, etc.: This is the last step that involves report generation documenting, the findings of the review and specially recommending new assets safeguarding techniques that should be implemented and existing assets safeguarding mechanisms that should be eliminated / rectified, and also recommending the assignment of the levels of security to be pervaded for individual end users and systems.

3) The term ‘Topology’ defines the physical or logical arrangement of links in a network. It is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (usually called Nodes) to each other. There are several basic types of network topologies, or structures, in telecommunications networks . Four basic topologies used in wide area and local area telecommunications networks are as follows: • Star network • Ring network • Bus network • Mesh Network

2)BPM Life Cycle (BPM-L Cycle): An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application divides BPM into the following phases: (i) Analysis phase: This involves analysis of the current environment and current processes, identification of needs and definition of requirements. (ii) Design phase: This involves evaluation of potential solutions to meet the identified needs, business process designing and business process modeling. (iii) Implementation phase: This involves project preparation, blue printing, realization, final preparation, go live and support. (iv) Run and Monitor phase: This involves business process execution or deployment and business process monitoring. (v) Optimize: Iterate for continuous improvement.

1) Difference between flowchart and data flow diagram.

Today's IT questions: 1)Differentiate between flow chart and data flow diagram. 2)Explain BPM life cycle. 3)Define topology. 4)Descrive 8 steps/levels of security undertaken in a security administration of an organisation. 5)Define: -Terminals -NIC -Multiplexer -Switch -Router -Hub -Bridge -Repeater -Gateway

5) Mobile Commerce or m-Commerce, is about the explosion of applications and services that are becoming accessible from Internet-enabled mobile devices. It involves new technologies, services and business models. It is quite different from traditional e-Commerce. Mobile phones or PDAs impose very different constraints than desktop computers. But they also open the door to a slew of new applications and services. M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and personal digital assistants (PDAs) Known as next-generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to a ccess the Internet without needing to f ind a place to plug in. The emerging technology behind m-commerce, which is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), has made strides in countries, where mobile devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers are much more common. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) represents the way the business can receive direct deposit of all payments from the financial institution to the company bank account. Once the user Signs Up, Money Comes to him directly and sooner than ever before. EFT is fast, safe, and means that the money will be confirmed in user’s bank account quicker than if he had to wait for the mail, deposit the cheque, and wait for the funds to become available. The payment mechanism moves money between accounts in a fast, paperless way. These are some examples of EFT systems in operation: • Automated Teller Machines (ATMs): Consumers can do th eir banking without the assistance of a teller, or to make deposits, pay bills, or transfer funds from one account to another electronically. These machines are used with a debit or EFT card and a code, which is often called a personal identification number or “PIN.” • Point-of-Sale (PoS) Transactions: Some debit or EFT cards (sometimes referred to as check cards) can be used when shopping to allow the transfer of funds from the consumer’s account to the merchant’s. To pay for a purchase, the consumer presents an EFT card instead of a cheque or cash. Money is taken out of the consumer’s account and put into the merchant’s account electronically. • Preauthorized Transfers: This is a method of automatically depositing to or withdrawing funds from an individual’s account, when the account holder authorizes the bank or a third party (such as an employer) to do so. For example, consumers can authorize direct electronic deposit of wages, social security, or dividend payments to their accounts. Or they can authorize financial institutions to make regular, ongoing payments of insurance, mortgage, utility, or other bills. • Telephone Transfers: Consumers can transfer funds from one account to another through telephone instructions rather than traditional written authorization or instrument. The accounts being debited can be checking or savings, for example—or can order payment of specific bills by phone.

4) Transmission Techniques: A communication network consists of a collection of devices (or nodes) that wish to communicate and interconnect together. The primary objective in any communication network is simply moving information from one source to one or more destination nodes. Based on the techniques used to transfer data, communication networks can be categorized into Broadcast and Switched networks. • Broadcast Networks - In Broadcast networks, data transmitted by one node is received by many, sometimes all, of the other nodes as shown in the Fig. 3.7.9. This refers to a method of transferring a message to all recipients simultaneously. For example – a corporation or other voluntary association, that provides live television or recorded content such as movies, newscasts, sports, public affairs programming, and other television programs for broadcast over a group of radio stations or television stations. • Switched Networks - In switched-communication networks, the data transferred from source to destination is routed through the switch nodes. The way in which the nodes switch data from one link to another, as it is transmitted from source to destination node, is referred to as a switching technique. Three common switching techniques are Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, and Message Switching. (i) Circuit Switching: A Circuit Switching network is one that establishes a fixed bandwidth circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit. The route is dedicated and exclusive, and released only when the communication session terminates. Circuit switching is what most of us encounter on our home phones. A single circuit is used for the entire duration of the call. Applications which use circuit switching go through three phases: Establish a Circuit, Transfer of data and Disconnect the Circuit. (ii) Packet Switching: It is a sophisticated means of maximizing transmission capacity of networks. Packet switching refers to protocols in which messages are broken up into small transmission units called packets, before they are sent. Each packet is transmitted individually across the net. The packets may even follow different routes to the destination. Since there is no f ixed path, different packets can follow different path and thus they may reach to destination out of order. (iii) Message Switching: In message switching, end-users communicate by sending each other a message, which contains the entire data being delivered from the source to destination node. As a message is routed from its source to its destination, each intermediate switch within the network stores the entire message, providing a very reliable service. The intermediary nodes (switches) have the responsibility of conveying the received message from one node to another in the network. Therefore, each intermediary node within the network must store all messages before retransmitting them one at a time as proper resources become available. This characteristic is often referred to as Store- and-Forward. Electronic mail (e-mail) and voice mail are examples of message switching systems.

3)Some of the prominent characteristics of C/S architecture are as follows: • Service: C/S provides a clean separation of function based on the idea of service. The server process is a provider of services and the client is a consumer of services. • Shared Resources: A server can service many clients at the same time and regulate their access to the shared resources. • Transparency of Location: C/S software usually masks the location of the server from the clients by redirecting the service calls when needed. • Mix-and-Match: The ideal C/S software is independent of hardware or Operating System software platforms. • Scalability: In a C/S environment, client workstations can either be added or removed and also the server load can be distributed across multiple servers. • Integrity: The server code and server data is centrally managed, which results in cheaper maintenance and the guarding of shared data integrity. At the same time, the clients remain personal and independent. Issues in Client/Server Network (i) When the server goes down or crashes, all the computers connected to it become unavailable to use. (ii) Simultaneous access to data and services by the user takes little more time for server to process the task.

2)Advantages of using a Decision Table : (i) Easy to Draw – Decision Tables are easy to draw and modify as compared to flowcharts. (ii) Compact Documentation – The documentation in the form of decision tables is compact since one decision table may replace few pages of a flowchart. (iii) Simplicity – It is easier to follow a particular path in one column of a decision table than it is to go through several pages of the flowcharts. (iv) Direct Codification - The decision tables can be directly coded into a program. (v) Better Analysis – A decision table shows various alternatives and their respective outcomes side by side for better analysis of the problem. (vi) Modularity – The complex problems would require complex decision tables which can be easily broken down to micro-decision tables. (vii) Non-technical – No knowledge of computer language or CPU working is necessary for drawing decision tables. Limitations of using Decision Table: (i) All programmers may not be familiar with Decision Tables and therefore flow charts are more common (ii) Flowcharts can better represent a simple logic of the system rather than a decision table.

Answers for yesterday's IT questions. 1)A Decision Tree also termed as an Inference or Logical tree is a collection of a basis (condition) and a conclusion (action). In its tree-like representation, the premises and conclusions are shown as nodes, and the branches of the tree connect the premises and the conclusions. The logical operators “AND” and “OR” are used to replicate the structure of the if- then rules. As such, decision tables (DTs) do not seem to differ much from a decision tree. A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm. Decision trees are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal.

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