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🌟 Some important Points 🌟 🌟 1. External ear:- Pinna :- Collect sound waves. 🌟 External auditory:- Direct sound waves toward ear drum, canal ear wax prevents the entry of foreign bodies. 🌟 2. Middle ear:- 🌟 Tympanic membrane:- Acts as resonator that reproduces the vibration of sound. 🌟 Ear ossicles :-Transmit sound waves to internal ear. 🌟 Eustachian tube:- Helps in equalising the pressure of either side of ear drum. 🌟 3.Internal ear:- Cochlea:- Hearing. 🌟 Vestebular apparatus:- Balancing of body.

💥Important Points of NCERT💥: 🌟 All the unicellular eukaryotes are placed in Kingdom Protista. 🌟 Histone protein is absent in chromosome of dinoflagellates, due to this reason dinoflagellates are called mesokaryote. 🌟 Pigments present in dinoflagellates are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'. 🌟 Stored food of dinoflagellates is starch. 🌟 Cell wall of diatoms is made up of cellulose + silica. 🌟 Pigments present in diatoms are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'. 🌟 Stored food of diatom is leucosin and fats. 🌟 Mixotrophic nutrition is present in Euglenoids. 🌟 Stored food of Euglenoids is paramylum and fat. 🌟 Slime moulds are also called fungus animal. 🌟 At the time of reproduction slime moulds have cell wall. 🌟 Mode of nutrition is absorptive in fungi 🌟 Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin. 🌟 In fungi the stored food remains in the form of glycogen and oil. 🌟 Mycelium of class phycomycetes is coenocytic aseptate. 🌟 Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease in potato. This disease is known as "Famine of Ireland". 🌟 Mycelium of class - ascomycetes is uninucleate septate. 🌟 Class ascomycetes is known as "Sac fungi". 🌟 A. Flemming obtained the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium notatum. 🌟 Fungus Neurospora is known as "Drosophila of Plant Kingdom". 🌟 Yeast is unicellular or non mycelial fungi. 🌟 Mycelium of class - basidiomycetes is septate and uni or binucleate. 🌟 Basidiomycetes is known as club fungi. 🌟 Special type of septa are found in mycelium of class basidiomycetes which are known as dolipore septum. 🌟 Clamp connection are formed during reproduction in basidiomycetes. 🌟 Puccinia is rust fungus, it causes rust disease in wheat. 🌟 Starting of rust disease (Primary infection) on wheat plants takes place through aeciospores. 🌟 Deuteromycetes is known as Fungi Imperfecti.

✅Notes on s-Block Elements: Covalent Character:. Small cation and large anion favors covalency. Order: LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl & . LiI > LiBr > LiCl > LiF Greater the charge on the cation greater is its polarizing power and hence larger is the covalent character: Na+CI- < Mg+2CI2 < AI+3 CI3 Greater the charge on the anion, more easily it gets polarized thereby imparting more covalent character to the compound formed eg covalent character increase in the order. NaCI < Na2SO4 < Na3PO4 c) Lattice Energies: Amount of energy required to separate one mole of solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions. Greater the lattice energy, higher is the melting point of the alkali metals halide and lower is its solubility in water d) Hydration Energy: Amount of energy released when one mole of gaseous ions combine with water to form hydrated ions. M+ (g) + aq → M+ (aq) + hydration energy X- (g) + aq → X- (aq) + hydration energy Higher the hydration energy of the ions greater is the solubility of the compound in water. The solubility of the most of alkali metal halides except those of fluorides decreases on descending the group since the decrease in hydration energy is more than the corresponding decrease in the lattice energy. Due to high hydration energy of Li+ ion, Lithium halides are soluble in water except LiF which is sparingly soluble due to its high lattice energy. For the same alkali metal the melting point decreases in the order fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide For the same halide ion, the melting point of lithium halides are lower than those of the corresponding sodium halides and thereafter they decrease as we move down the group from Na to Cs. The low melting point of LiCl (887 K) as compared to NaCl is probably because LiCl is covalent in nature and NaCl is ionic. Anomalous Behavior of Lithium and diagonal relationship with Magnesium: Li has anomalous properties due to Very small size High polarizing Power Lithium show diagonal relationship with magnesium because both elements have almost same polarizing power. The melting point and boiling point of lithium are comparatively high. Lithium is much harder than the other alkali metals. Magnesium is also hard metal. Lithium reacts with oxygen least readily to form normal oxide whereas other alkali metals form peroxides and superoxides. LiOH like Mg (OH)2 is weak base. Hydroxides of other alkali metals are strong bases. Due to their appreciable covalent nature, the halides and alkyls of lithum and magnesium are soluble in organic solvents. Unlike elements of group 1 but like magnesium. Lithium forms nitride with nitrogen.6Li + N2 → 2Li3N LiCl is deliquescent and crystallizes as a hydrate, LiCI2H2O. Other alkali metals do not form hydrates. also forms hydrate, MgCI2.8H2O . Unlike other alkali metals lithium reacts directly with carbon to form an ionic carbide. Magnesium also forms a similar carbide. 🪴The carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates of lithium as well as magnesium decompose on heating. ☘Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2 ☘MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 ☘2LiOH → Li2O + H2O ☘Mg (OH)2 → MgO + H2O ☘4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2 ☘2Mg ( NO3)2 → 2Mg + 4NO2 +O2 🪴The corresponding salts of other alkali metals are stable towards heat. Lithium nitrate, on heating, decomposes to give lithium oxide, Li2O whereas other alkali metals nitrate decomposes to give the corresponding nitrite. 4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2 🪴Li2CO3, LiOH, LiF and Li3PO4 are the only alkali metal salts which are insoluble in water. The corresponding magnesium compounds are also insoluble in water. 🪴Hydrogen carbonates of both lithium and magnesium can not be isolated in solid state. Hydrogen carbonates of other alkali metals can be isolated in solid state. 🪴Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): NaOH is stable towards heat but is reduced to metal when heated with carbon 2NaOH + 2C → 2Na +2CO + H2 FeCl3 + 3NaOH →Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 (pungent smell) + H2O

💐ECOLOGY DATES💐 🔥IUCN in 2004 estimated the total number of plant and animal species. 🔥Earth summit 1992 🔥World Summit 2002 🔥Environment protection act 1986 🔥Air act 1981. Amended in 1987 to include noise as air pollution. 🔥BS 3 since 2010 october 🔥Bs 4. Since 2010 april 🔥Water act 1974. 🔥Ozone hole over Antarctica develops in late August and early October. 🔥Montreal protocol signed in 1987 but effective in 1989. 🔥National forest policy 1988. 🔥Amrita Devi incident in 1731. 🔥Chipko movement in 1974. 🔥Joint Forest Management 1980.

💫Very important points - Human Reproduction 💫 🌟Uterus also called womb. 🌟 Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of uterus. (During pregnancy) 🌟 Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male. 🌟 Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male 🌟 A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals. 🌟 The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies. ⚡️ Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules is called spermiation. ⚡️ Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination. ⚡️ Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation . ⚡️ Mammalian sperms are transfered to vagina of female by the process called insemination. ⚡️ In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human being. ⚡️ Leydig's cells mature at 10 yrs. of age. ⚡️ In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo meiosis II. ⚡️ The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted chromosomes. ⚡️ 65-74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in human being.

💠Properties of Solids and Liquids - Revision Notes on Liquids at Rest:💠 ⛔️Force of cohesion:- It is force between two molecules of similar nature. ⛔️Force of adhesion:- It is the force between two molecules of different nature. ⛔️Molecular range:- The maximum distance between two molecules so that the force of attraction between them remains effective is called molecular range. ⛔️Sphere of influence:- Sphere of influence of any molecule is the sphere with molecule as its center and having a radius equal to molecular range (=10-7 cm). ⛔️Surface film:- Surface film of a liquid is defined as the portion of liquid lying on the surface and caught between two parallel planes situated molecular range apart. ⛔️Surface Tension Surface tension is the property of a liquid by virtue of which its free surface behaves like a stretched membrane and supports, comparatively heavier objects placed over it. It is measured in terms of force of surface tension. ⛔️Force of surface tension:- It is defined as the amount of force acting per unit length on either side of an imaginary line drawn over the liquid surface. (a) T = Force/length = F/l (b) T = Surface energy/Surface area = W/A Units:- S.I – Nm-1 C.G.S- dyn cm-1 ⛔️Additional force:- (a) For a cylindrical rod:- F = T×2πr (Here r is the radius of cylindrical rod) (b) For a rectangular block:- F = T×2(l+d) (Here l is the length and d is the thickness of the rectangular block) (c) For a ring:- F = T×2×2πr (Here r is the radius of cylindrical rod) ⛔️Surface energy:- Potential energy per unit area of the surface is called surface energy. (a) Expansion under isothermal condition:- To do work against forces of surface tension:- W= T×A (Here A is the total increase in surface area) To supply energy for maintaining the temperature of the film:- E = T+H (b) Expansion under adiabatic conditions:- E = T Force of surface tension is numerically equal to the surface energy under adiabatic conditions. ⛔️Drops and Bubbles:- (a) Drop:- Area of surface film of a spherical drop of radius R is given by, A = 4πR2 (b) Bubble:- The surface area of the surface films of a bubble of radius R is, A = 2×4πR2 ⛔️Combination of n drops into one big drop:- (a) R = n1/3r (b) Ei = n (4πr2T), Ef =4πR2T (c) Ef/ Ei = n -1/3 (d) ΔE/Ei = [1-(1/n1/3)] (e) ΔE = 4πR2T (n1/3-1) = 4πR3T (1/r – 1/R) ⛔️Angle of contact:- Angle of contact, for a pair of solid and liquid, is defined as the angle between tangent to the liquid surface drawn at the point of contact and the solid surface inside the liquid. (a) When θ < 90º (acute):- Fa >Fc/√2 (i) Force of cohesion between two molecules of liquid is less than the force of adhesion between molecules of solid and liquid. (ii) Liquid molecules will stick with the solid, thus making solid wet. (iii) Such liquid is put in the solid tube; it will have meniscus concave upwards. (b) When θ > 90º (obtuse):-Fa<Fc/√2 (i) Force of cohesion between two molecules of liquid is less than the force of adhesion between molecules of solid and liquid. (ii) In this case, liquids do not wet the solids. (iii) Such liquids when put in the solid tube will have a meniscus convex upwards. (c) When θ = 90º:-? Fa=Fc/√2 The surface of liquid at the point of contact is plane. In this case force of cohesion and adhesion are comparable to each other. (d) cosθc = Tsa – Tsl/Tla Here, Tsa,Tsl and Tla represent solid-air, solid-liquid and liquid-air surface tension respectively). Here θc is acute if Tsl < Tsa while θc is obtuse if Tsl >Tsa. ⛔️Capillarity:- ?Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube?Capillarity is the phenomenon, by virtue of which the level of liquid in a capillary tube is different from that outside it, is called capillarity. Weight of liquid, W = Vρg = πr2[h+(r/3)]ρg (Here r is the radius meniscus) If weight of meniscus is taken into account, the force of surface tension will be, T = [r(h+(r/3)) ρg]/2 cosθ For fine capillary, force of surface tension, T = rhρg/2 cosθ So height, h = 2T cosθ/ rρg

1. Formulas related to force: F = ma F = kx F = m(vf² - vi²/2S) F = mv/t F = md/t² F = m(vf - vi) /t F = Area × density × velocity² F = 1/2 mv²/d F = 1/2 Pv/d F = Power/velocity Fc = mv²/r Fc = mrw² Fc/2 = mv²/2r Fc = 2K.E/r F = Area × Stress F = pir² × stress F = YA × Strain F = YAl/L F = pressure × area F = change in momentum × time interval F = - 2mVx × Vx/2l F2 = F1/A1 × A2 F = qE F = kQ/r² F = ILB sintheta F = q (v × B) F = qE + q(v × B) 2. Formulas related to energy and work Fd = k.e mgh = 1/2 mv² E = 1/2 kx² E = Ve E = nhf E = nhc/lambda E = Pc K.e = hf - work function = hf - hf° = hf - hc/w° (here w° is cutt off wavelength) E = 1/2 Pv mv²/2r= Fc/2 K.E/r = Fc/2 K.E = Fc×r/2 K.e = 1.5 KT E = VQ E = Power × time E = Fvt % loss in K.e = v1² - v2²/v1² × 100 % loss in P.e = h1² - h²/h1² × 100 Energy lost due to air friction(Fh) = 1/2mv² - mgh (when body is thrown upward) Energy lost due to air friction(FS) = mgh - 1/2mv² (when body is thrown downward) E = 1/2 CV² (capacitor) E = R × hc (R is Rydberg' constant) J = m-¹ × Js ms-¹ hf kalpha x rays = EL - Ek hf kbeta x rays = EM - Ek Binding energy = mass defect × c² W = Fd Costheta W = nmgh (when person is climbing stairs) W = n(m+m) gh (when person is climbing stairs with some load) W = 0mgh + 1mgh + 2mgh + 3mgh ....... (in case of stacking bricks. For ist brick h=0. For 2nd brick h=1. For 3rd brick h=2 and so on) W = Fd = PA × change in V W = Q - change in U Q = mc × change in T T/273.16 = Q/Q3 (Thermodynamic scale) W = I²Rt W = emf×charge W = VQ W = 1/2 lF W = YAl²/2L W = StressAl²/2Strain W = PressureAl²/2Strain W = Fl²/2Strain 3. Formulas related to Power P = Fv P = E/t P = n(mgh/t) P = Fd/t P = mv²/2t 4. Formulas related to distance, displacement, velocity and accelration d = vt d = at² d = (vf + vi/2) ×t d = 5t² (for distance in 'n' seconds) d = 5(2tn - 1) (for distance in 'nth' second) d = 1/2 mv²/F d = vit + 5t² d = v × underroot 2H/g d = vt = x°wt = x°2pi/T × t = x°2pift x = x° Sin wt x = x° Sin (underroot k/m) t vf = vi + at 2as = vf² - vi² 2as = (vi + at)² - vi² 2as = vf² - (vf - at) ² v = underroot Vfx² + Vfy² v = Power/Force v = 2×K.E/momentum (k.e = 1/2 Pv) v² = 2×Power×time/mass (P = mv²/2t) v = underroot 2as v = underroot gr (speed at highest point in a verticle circle) v = underroot 5gr (speed at lowest point in a verticle circle) v² = 2FS/m v² = 2E/m v² = 2Ve/m v = eBr/m (velocity of particle under action of magnetic force along circular path) v² = Force/Area.Density v = w underroot x°² - x² v = underroot k/m × underroot x°² - x² v = x°w (at mean position where x=0) v = x° underoot k/m v = v° underroot 1 - x²/x°² (for determining ratio b/w inst. Velocity and maxi. Velocity) v= x°2pif = x°2pi/T a = x°w² = x°w.w = vw = v.2pif Common velocity = m1v1/m1+m2 vi² = Rg/Sin2theta v = underoot Tension×length/mass V = 2pi ke²/nh (speed of e- in nth orbit) Vn = V/n v = nh/2pimr (lambda = 2pir and lambda=h/p) ma = kx a = kx/m (SHM) a = - gx/l (Simple pendulum) ac = v²/r 5. Formulas related to wavelength 'w' w = v/f w = 1/wave number w1 = 2l (when pipe is opened at both ends) w1 = 4l (when pipe is opened at one end) Delta w = Us/f (doppler shift) Wavelength for obs. = w - delta w = v/f - Us/f w = hc/Ve w = hc/E w = h/mv w = h/P as P = underroot 2mE so w = h/underroot 2mE (de Broglie wavelength) w = underroot 150/V A° (short method for de Broglie wavelength. This formula is applicable only for e-) 1/w = RH (1/p²-1/n²) Wmaxi/Wmini = n²/n²-p² (for determining ratio b/w maxi. Wavelength to mini. Wavelength for series of atomic spectrum) w = 2pir/n (n is no. of loops in a circle) h/mv = 2pir

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NV SIR PHYSICS NOTES 🎈PART 1 🎈PART 2 🎈PART 3 🎈PART 4 🎈PART 5

📍 CLASS 11 NCERT HIGHLIGHTS 👇