Practical Process Engineering

#ASME_B31_1_Power_Piping This section covers piping found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. This includes boiler external and non-boiler external piping for installations where an ASME Section I boiler is present. This section does not apply to equipment covered under the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, certain low pressure heating and cooling distribution piping, and various other systems as indicated in Paragraph 100.1.3 of ASME B31.1.

#ASME_code_for_piping When designing a pressure piping system, it is typical for the specifying engineer to indicate that system piping shall comply with a section, or sections, of ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping. Within ASME B31 there are currently seven active individual sections:👇🏼👇🏼👇🏼👇🏼

#Process_Safety #Rupture_Disk_Course Dear Members, In parallel to centrifugal pump course, Process Safety courses will be started soon. These discussions cover all necessary information you need as a field/ process engineer about safery equipment, safety standards, calculations, layout, HAZOP, LOPA, SIL, SIS and many other interesting topics. The first topic is Rupture Disc and the next will be Safety Relief Valves. I try to discuss all parts of API 520/521 and post detail calculatiobs and simulations. The first lecture will be posted later this week. * If you find topics interesting, invite your friend to join us. Thanks

#Centrifugal_Force #False_Force Physicists categorize forces into two groups: 1- Real force: Includes direst interactions of matter 2- Field force (False force/ Fictitious force) Includes no direct interactions of matter. There are three types of false forces: Newton’s simple force (F=ma), Coriolis force and centrifugal force. Yes! There is nothing in real world as CENTRIFUGAL FORCE. When a body rotates around a center, only one force acts on it; Centripetal force. It trys to keep the body in moving condition. For example, a can that swings around on a string is keeping its own rotational movement only under the effect of centripetal force. What if the string were to break? You may think the can moves in a direction outward from the center of its circular path. But, the can will move in a straight line tangent to its circular path. Why? because there is no centrifugal (center- fleeing) force acting on it. Even if you consider it as a real force, it is balanced by the centripetal force and, therefore, the moving object rotates at constant speed with no acceleration. So, even a centrifugal force is a real force, its mere existence is only because of centripetal force existence. More importantly, if centrifugal force can’t increase velocity then it would not be of much use in a pump that transforms increased velocity into pressure. Actually what an impller does in a centrifugal pump is utilizing its vanes to channel or guide a liquid through an ever increasing radius while containing it within a rotating system. This process causes the liquid to accelerate continuously as it moves along the radius and reaches the maximum speed by the end of it. It then flows out of the impller with a velocity higher than initial velocity. So, What’s the name of such machine? A radial accelerator! An impller pump! What is your idea?

#Centrifugal_Pump #Lecture_1 #Pump_History #Pump_Classification The pump is the earliest form of machine for substituting natural energy for human physical effort. The earliest pumps were Persian Wheels, Waterwheels, or Norias. Centrifugal pump was developed in Europe in the late 1600’s. Without doubt, it is the most popular type of pump and is able to handle most of industrial flow and pressure requirements with the highest possible reliability level. Now, it is the pump of choice for many applications. By definition, a pump is a machine that imparts energy to a fluid, specifically a liquid. There are several mechanisms to deliver this energy to the liquid. Pumps are classified based on different criteria. Here, below specifications are used to categorize them: 1- Energy delivery principle 2- Energy delivery mechanism 3- Geometry All pumps are divided into two main groups regarding energy delivery principle: DYNAMIC & POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT In dynamic pumps, energy is added to the fluid to increase its velocity continuously. Centrifugal pumps are dynamic pumps. It means once the liquid enters the impller eye and touches the impller surface, it experiences an increasingly speed untill it reaches its maximum speed at impller periphery. This is why a centrifugal pump is a dynamic machine. In displacement pumps, or positive displacement pumps, energy is added periodically by application of force to one or more movable boundries of any desired number of enclosed, fluid-containing volumes, resulting in a direct increase in pressure. Below pictures depict all types of pumps based on their delivery principle and delivery mechanism.

#Centrifugal_Pump_Courses Dear Members, As of today, a comprehensive course on centrifugal pump including its theory, design, sizing and operation is held in this channel. Please let your friends know and invite them to join the channel. First lecture will be posted later today.

*Dear Members, Thanks for your joining this channel. I would like to make this channel a unique source for all of us to learn and teach. This is not something I can do it well lonely. Your collaboration is always welcomed. If you have something to share, send it to me. I post it here and mention who sent this. Thanks for your collaboration.

note: The first ions that are appread in effluent of an exhausted mixed-bed are silica and sodium, because they are not enough strong to be attracted well.

SAC+ SBA and sodium+ Silica Leakage

Order of selectivity

**Send me your comments or questions. **If the topics are interesting, please invite your friends.

#Sodium_Leakage or #Sodium_Breakthrough #Silica_Leakege or #Silica_Breakthrough A question came to me: Why resines are mixed during regeneration by air blower? Ok. Let’s assume resines are not mixed in one vessel and there are two separate vessels, one of them is filled with cation resines and the other filled with anion resins. Suppose dirty water flows through cation bed first and exchange its own cations with Hydrogen ion. For example, CaCl2 can exchange its Ca++ with H+. Therefore, Ca++ is attached on the resin, but the released H+ combine with Cl- to produce HCL. So, effluent is a water stream with less than 7 pH. Then effluent passes through anion bed to exchange negatively charged ions with anion resins. Hydroxyl ions are released. The gnerated HCL is exchanged Cl- with OH-. H+ is added to OH- to produce water. You may say: Ok, there is no issue. But what if the dirty water had some Sodium ion (Na+)? If you take a look at positive ions in previous post, you see both H+ and Na+ have only one positive chrge. It means, cation resins can’t exchange Sodium ion with Hydrogen well. So, the effluent of cation bed contains some Sodium that leakes to anion bed. It is called ‘Sodium Leakage’. This Sodium combines with released OH- in next vessl to produce NaOH which increases electrical conductivity. Therefore, outlet stream of anion bed has high conductivity. Sodium leakage has direct effect on Silica leakage. In anion bed, silica as an negative ion is attracted on anion resins. The produced caustic due to sodium leakage, regenerate attracted silica. Silica is released and final effluent silica analyzer shows Silica leakage and operating time is decreased significantly. Anion resins are much expensive and more susceptible to fouling by cations. Cation bed should be installed first to exchange cations and act as a filter to remove suspended impurities for anion bed. Therefore, there is no advantage to install an anion bed before a cation one. All in all, resins should be mixed, because having them in very close proximity makes a stronger driving force for released Hydrogen ion to attract released Hydroxyl ion and produce water.

#Ion_Exchange_Basics #Demineralized_Water #DMW #Anion_Resins_Cation_Resins #Deionization: Demineralization: removing ions #Ion: Electrically charged atom; can be positive (Cation) like: Calcium (Ca++) Magnesium (Mg++) Iron (Fe+++) Manganese (Mn++) Sodium (Na+) Hydrogen (H+) Can be negative (Anion) like: Chlorides (Cl-) Sulfates (SO4=) Nitrates (NO3=) Carbonates (CO3=) Silica (SiO2-) Hydroxyl (OH-) Demineralized Water is the only water source MUST be used to generate steam or be addd as an ingredient to the processes, because it has the least possible amount of impurities and, therefore, its electrical conductivity (The best indicator for impurities) is less than about 0.2 micro siemens/cm. Demineralization is done by several methods. Ion Exchange process is one of them that uses resins to remove non-desirable ions which may cause corrosion, deposition on boiler tubes, boiler malfunction, etc. Resins are organic polymeric beads and able to exchange ions with the cations and anions: Cations are removed by cation resins . Hence, cation resines have negatively charged functional group. Anions are removed by anion resins. Hence, anion resins have positively functional group. There are two types of cation resins: 1- #WAC_Weak_Acid_Cation 2-#SAC_Strong_Acid_Cation WAC is mainly used to decrease pH (Dealkalization), but SAC is the right choice for water demineralization. There are two types of anion resins: 1-#WBA_Weak_Base_Anion 2-#SBA_Strong_Base_Anion Both types are used for demineralization; WBA can not remove Silica and Carbonates, only neutralize weak acids and produces water with pH less than 7, if used in a dual separate bed system. SBA removes all anions and produces water with pH higher than 7, if used in a dual separate bed system. SAC and SBA are mixed to make a mixed-bed for Ion Exchange process. Different ions are attracted by different strengths. For example, Calcium with 2+ charges is attracted more strongly than Hydrogen ion with only one positive charge. Both Hydrogen and Hydroxyl ions are not attracted strongly and, therefore, can be exchanged easily with other stronger ions. This is the exact definition of Ion Exchange. As a result of these exchanges, Hydrogen and Hydroxyl ions are detached from the resins and combine to produce water. But, resins have limited capacity . All their actives sites get occupied by stronger ions than Hydrogen and Hydroxyl ions. So they get saturated sooner or later. Cation resines that already attracted cations MUST be regenerated by an Acid such as HCL or H2SO4. For example, Hydrogen ion in HCL is exchanged with Ca++ that was already attracted by the resines. On the other side, Anion resins MUST be regenerated by a base like caustic( NaOH) to release negatively charged ions and reattract Hydroxyl ion. After regeneration, they are ready to exchange Hydrogen and Hydroxyl ions with stronger ions again.

Note: I was told a very strange condensate failure last night. In a plant, there was about 100 c temperature difference in a steam piping. It was investigated and too much condensate was drained. Finally, they found the insulation contractor cheated and only covered the line with no insulation. So, the steam lost heat continuously and made such significant delta T.