Clinical Medicine

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‏قال الأصمعي: سمعتُ أعرابيًا يتضرَّعُ إلى اللّٰه، بكلماتٍ فقأت عيون البلاغة، وأيتمت جَواهر الحِكمة.. سمعته يقول: "إلهي كفى بي عِزًا أنْ أكون لكَ عبدًا، وكفى بي فخرًا أنْ تكون لي ربًّا، أنتَ كما أُحبُّ فاجعلني كما تُحِب".

prophylactic cholecystectomy may be performed for asymp- tomatic cholelithiasis in the following situations: ● large (>3 cm) gallstones; ● choledocholithiasis; ● chronic haemolytic conditions (sickle cell disease, heredi- tary spherocytosis); ● gallbladder polyps >1 cm in diameter; ● suspicion/risk of malignancy (anomalous pancreatic duc- tal drainage); ● calcifcation of the wall (porcelain gallbladder); ● some ethnic groups or subjects living in areas with a high prevalence of gallbladder cancer associated with gallstones (some parts of northern India, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, Colombia, Chile, Bolivia); ● transplant patients (during transplantation); ● bariatric surgery. resource : Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery 28E

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Keep this for Today How to treat opioid poisoning

Naloxone has a much shorter duration of action than most opioids and so coma and respiratory depression often recur when naloxone wears off. More naloxone is often needed, given IV, by IVI, or IM, the dose adjusted depending on the response. Observe for at least 6hr after the last dose of naloxone and up to 24hr with methadone overdose. If repeat doses are required, consider starting a naloxone infusion.

Treatment Clear and maintain the airway. If breathing is inadequate, ventilate with O2using a bag and mask or an ET tube . Naloxone is a specific antagonist for opioids and reverses coma and respiratory depression if given in sufficient dosage . Give naloxone as a therapeutic trial in suspected opioid poisoning—record coma level, pupil size, and RR, and check for any response The usual initial dose of naloxone for adults is 0.4mg IV, followed by a further dose of 0.8mg after 60s if no response Children, give 100mcg/kg (IV, IM or IN) up to 2mg, repeated as necessary. Intranasal naloxone, given by dripping or spraying the IV solution into the nose over 60s, enables rapid absorption. For children at risk of opioid withdrawal, give 1–10mcg/kg every 60s,

Female with proximal muscle weakness: 1) polmyalgia rheumatica " high ESR normal CK " 2) fibromyalgia normal ESR and normal CK 3) Polymyositis "high CK "

Female with proximal muscle weakness: 1) polmyalgia rheumatica " high ESR normal CK " 2) fibromyalgia normal ESR and normal CK 3) Polymyositis "high CK "

Opioid poisoning The opioids include morphine, diamorphine (heroin), pethidine, codeine, buprenorphine, and methadone Clinical features Opioid poisoning causes the triad of coma, d RR, and pinpoint pupils. Cyanosis, apnoea, convulsions, and hypotension may occur. Effects of opioids are potentiated by alcohol. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema may result from injecting heroin or other opioids.

Answer is C

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Features of hereditary spherocytosis include all of the following except : A. increase Osmotic fragility B. Increase MCHC C. Increase MCV D. Decrease surface area per unit volume

🧑‍⚕ 150,000–450,000/μL or 150- 450×10^9L

Thrombocytopenia 👨‍⚕ What is the normal count of platelets?

👨‍⚕It is clear or not ?

About the cause : See three points above , every point have different cause

1- V.C 2- platelet 3- coagulation " if major injury" 👨‍⚕ What is difference between petechiae, purpura , and ecchymosis ?

NB v Petechiae are pinpoint, nonblanching hemorrhages and are usually a sign of a decreased platelet number and not platelet dysfunction.

🧑‍⚕To know palpable Purpura Vs non palpable Purpura ? Important to know the causes

👨‍⚕🤨 what is the causes of palpable Purpura?

assume you have injury .... How bleeding stop ?

👨‍⚕It's important to palpate purpuric rash or not ? Why?

🧑‍⚕ 1- massive uncontrolled bleeding 2 - 2-bleeding from one orifice when there's no local cause 3-from two non-repeated orifice 4-uncotrolled bleeding after minor trauma 5-or after minor surgery

Secondary hemostasis Definition: processes that lead to stabilization of the platelet plug (white thrombus) by creating a fibrin network Coagulation cascade: a sequence of events triggered by the activation of the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway of coagulation that results in the formation of a stable thrombus Coagulation factors Substances that interact with each other to promote blood coagulation Activated factors are designated with an “a” (e.g., activated factor VII = factor VIIa). Extrinsic pathway of coagulation: triggered by endothelial injury Tissue factor (factor III) activates factor VII. Tissue factor is expressed on the surface of subendothelial muscle cells and fibroblasts. Factor VII: vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor produced by the liver Factor VIIa and tissue factor form a complex (TF-FVIIa). This step requires calcium (factor IV) found on the surface of fibrocytes and activated platelets. TF-FVIIa activates factor X and factor IX. Intrinsic pathway of coagulation Exposed collagen, kallikrein, and kininogen (HMWK) activate factor XII. Factor XII (Hageman factor): coagulation factor that also plays a role in inflammatory response by activating the kallikrein system, which leads to the production of bradykinin Factor XIIa activates factor XI. Thrombin activates factor XI and factor VIII. Factor XIa activates factor IX. Factors VIIIa and IXa form a complex (mediated by calcium) that activates factor X. This causes a positive feedback loop of factor X and thrombin activation via the intrinsic pathway. Common pathway of coagulation: The extrinsic and intrinsic pathway both end in the common pathway. Factor Xa and factor Va form a complex (mediated by calcium) that cleaves prothrombin (factor II) to thrombin (factor IIa). Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen (factor I) into insoluble fibrin (factor Ia) monomers. Crosslinks of the fibrin network are stabilized by factor XIIIa → formation of a fibrin network → fibrin closely binds to the platelet plug, forming a stable thrombus (secondary thrombus or red thrombus)