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There are 4 types of genetic diseases 1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene. 2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes. 3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies 4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are: 1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. 2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. 3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries 4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.

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Asia's Longest Zozila Tunnel Project

• The work on the strategic 14.5 km long Zojila tunnel, an all-weather connection between the Kashmir valley and the Ladakh region - is going on at a rapid pace and over 40 per cent of the drilling has been completed, • It will pass under the Zojila Pass in the Himalayas between Ganderbal in Kashmir and Drass town in Kargil district of Ladakh. • Z-Morh Tunnel is a part of the Zojila tunnel project. • Z-Morh tunnel, which connects Gagangir with Sonamarg and provides all-weather connectivity to the resort in the Ganderbal district of central Kashmir, will be inaugurated in October this year.

Clean Plant program ✅With the demand for foreign planting materials of fruits like apples, avocados and blueberries rising over the years, the Central government plans to set up 10 ‘Clean Plant Centres’  ✅Objective: To boost domestic production of the selected fruit crops ✅Services offered: disease diagnostic, therapeutics, multiplying of plants and generation of mother plants ✅Need for ‘Clean plant program’: Currently, it is difficult to get disease-free and genuine planting materials for horticultural crops in India. ✅Also, the process of importing plants is very cumbersome, as the imported plants must be kept in quarantine for two years. ✅Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare ✅Implementing agency: National Horticulture Board (NHB) ✅Funding: 100% be Central government ✅It will be set up under the ‘Atmanirbhar Clean Plant Program’ (announced in Budget 2023-24)

✍ सीमा रेखाएं - प्रमुख अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमाएँ 🌀 ------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – डूरंड रेखा (Durand Line) ● किसके बीच – पाकिस्तान तथा अफगानिस्तान ● 1886 में सर मार्टिमर डूरंड द्वारा निर्धारित। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – मैकमोहन रेखा (Macmahon Line) ● किसके बीच – भारत तथा चीन ● 1120 किमी. लंबी यह रेखा सर हेनरी मैकमोहन द्वारा निर्धारित की गई थी। लेकिन चीन इसे स्वीकार नहीं करता। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – रेडक्लिफ रेखा (Radcliffe Line) ● किसके बीच – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान ● 1947 में भारत-पाकिस्तान सीमा आयोग के अध्यक्ष सर सायरिल रेडक्लिफ द्वारा निर्धारित। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – 17 वीं समानांतर रेखा (17th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – उत्तरी वियतनाम तथा द. वियतनाम ● वियतनाम के एकीकरण के पहले यह देश को दो भागों में बांटती थी। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – 24 वीं समानांतर रेखा (24th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान ● पाकिस्तान के अनुसार कच्छ क्षेत्र का यह रेखा सही निर्धारण करती है लेकिन भारत इस रेखा को स्वीकार नहीं करता है। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – 38 वीं समानांतर रेखा (38th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – उत्तर कोरिया तथा दक्षिण कोरिया ● कोरिया को दो भागों में बांटती है। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – 49 वीं समानांतर रेखा (49th Parallel) ● किसके बीच – अमेरिका तथा कनाडा ● अमेरिका तथा कनाडा को दो भागों में बांटती है। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – हिंडनबर्ग रेखा (Hindenburg Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड ● प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में जर्मनी की सेना यहीं से वापस लौटी थी। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – ओडरनास रेखा (Order-Neisse Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड ● द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद निर्धारित की गई। ----------------------- √√ रेखा का नाम – मैगिनाट रेखा (Maginot Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस ● जर्मनी के आक्रमण से बचाव के लिए फ्रांस ने यह रेखा बनाई थी। ------------------------ √√ रेखा का नाम – सीजफ्राइड रेखा (Seigfrid Line) ● किसके बीच – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस ● जर्मनी ने यह रेखा बनाई थी। Join @UPSCMainsGuidance

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42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are: 1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. 2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. 3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries 4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.

There are 4 types of genetic diseases 1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene. 2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes. 3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies 4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria

#Shell_companies are corporate entities which do not have any active business or significant assets in their possession. These companies remain legally registered (but merely on paper), without actually producing goods and services. They are mainly set up for the purposes of tax evasion and money laundering.